The interactive role of SNAP participation and residential neighborhood in childhood obesity

Figures & data

Table 1. Neighborhood index: indicators, loadings, and correlations (r).

	Full		Siblings
	Eigenvector	PC, r	Eigenvector	PC, r
% below poverty level	–.31	–0.96	–.31	–0.96
% below half of poverty level	–.30	–0.93	–.30	–0.93
% women unemployed	–.28	–0.86	–.28	–0.86
% men unemployed	–.28	–0.85	–.28	–0.86
% women employed	.23	0.71	.23	0.71
% men employed	.28	0.85	.28	0.85
% women–headed families	–.29	–0.88	–.29	–0.88
% receiving public assistance	–.30	–0.91	–.30	–0.91
% White	.23	0.70	.23	0.70
% Black	–.22	–0.68	–.22	0.68
% with incomes <$15k	–.31	–0.95	–.31	–0.95
% with incomes $60k–$125K	.29	0.88	.29	0.89
% with incomes >$125K	.25	0.75	.25	0.75
% variation explained	66.60		67.04
n	8,620		7,756

Table 2. Weighted mean values for focal study variables.

	Ages 2–8		Ages 9–13		Ages 14–18
	Full	Siblings	Full	Siblings	Full	Siblings
Proportion of time obese	.14 (.29)	.14 (.15)	.14 (.33)	.14 (.33)	.12 (.31)	.12 (.31)
Proportion of time on SNAP	.04 (.17)	.04 (.19)	.04 (.19)	.05 (.20)	.04 (.19)	.05 (.20)
Proportion of time on TANF/SNAP	.08 (.27)	.07 (.27)	.09 (.29)	.08 (.28)	.04 (.20)	.04 (.21)
Proportion of time in poverty	.18 (.28)	.20 (.33)	.21 (.32)	.20 (.33)	.19 (.34)	.20 (.34)
Proportion of time near poverty	.10 (.18)	.10 (.21)	.11 (.21)	.10 (.21)	.09 (.21)	.09 (.21)
Proportion of time not in poverty	.58 (.43)	.58 (.45)	.54 (.44)	.56 (.44)	.63 (.45)	.61 (.45)
n	7,505	6,509	6,413	5,389	5,843	4,862

Table 3. Neighborhood conditions index scores, by program participation and household income conditions.

	M (SD)	25th percentile	75th percentile	n
% time on SNAP>25%	–.76 (1.00)	–1.31	–.05	816
% time on SNAP>50%	–.92 (1.16)	–1.43	–.16	254
% time in poverty without TANF/SNAP>25%	–.28 (.87)	–.85	.34	2,932
% time in poverty without TANF/SNAP>50%	–.33 (.82)	–.88	.27	1,232
% time not in poverty>25%	.46 (.75)	.09	1.00	4,461
% time not in poverty>50%	.56 (.68)	.23	1.06	3,538

Note: Neighborhood index values are standardized (mean = 0; SD = 1).

Table 4. OLS and FE regression results for childhood proportion of time obese.

	Ages 2–8		Ages 9–13		Ages 14–18
Variable	Siblings, OLS	Siblings, FE	Siblings, OLS	Siblings, FE	Siblings, OLS	Siblings, FE
Neighborhood conditions index	–.02 (.01)***	–.01 (.01)	–.01 (.01)	.00 (.01)	–.01 (.01)*	–.01 (.01)
Neighborhood conditions index* % time on SNAP	.05 (.02)*	.09 (.04)*	.03 (.02)	.02 (.03)	.04 (.02)^+	.05 (.03)^+
% time on SNAP	.04 (.03)	.04 (.05)	.00 (.03)	–.00 (.05)	.02 (.03)	.07 (.05)
n	6,509	6,509	5,389	5,389	4,862	4,862
Within R^2 /Adjusted R^2	.08	.06	.10	.04	.09	.01
# of families	2,481		2,058		1,888

Note: Models include all control variables. +:p < .10;*:p < = .05; **:p < = .01; ***:p < = .001.

Table 5. Proportion of childhood time spent obese: fixed effect models.

Neighborhood and SNAP variables	Ages 2–8	Ages 9–13	Ages 14–18
Poverty rate	.02 (.01)		.01 (.01)
Poverty rate*time on SNAP	–.12 (.04)***		–.05 (.02)^+
Time on SNAP	.08 (.05)		.06 (.04)
% Public assistance		.01 (.01)
% Public assistance*time on SNAP		–.05 (.03)^+
Time on SNAP		.01 (.04)
Severe poverty rate	.01 (.01)		.01 (.01)
Severe poverty rate*time on SNAP	–.06 (.04)^+		–.04 (.01)^+
Time on SNAP	.01 (.05)		.06 (.04)
% with female heads			.02 (.01)
% with female heads*time on SNAP			–.04 (.03)^+
Time on SNAP			.05 (.04)
Female unemployment rate			.03 (.01)**
Female unemployment rate* time on SNAP			–.03 (.03)
Time on SNAP			.05 (.05)
Female employment rate	–.01 (.02)	.02 (.02)
Female employment rate* time on SNAP	.05 (.03)^+	.06 (.04)^+
Time on SNAP	–.01 (.05)	–.08 (.06)
Male unemployment rate	.03 (.01)*		.02 (.01)^+
Male unemployment rate* time on SNAP	–.04 (.04)		–.01 (.02)
Time on SNAP	–.01 (.06)		.04 (.04)
Male employment rate	.00 (.01)
Male employment rate* time on SNAP	.06 (.03)*
Time on SNAP	–.00 (.05)
% w/income<$15,000	.00 (.01)		–.01 (.01)
% w/income<$15,000*time on SNAP	–.08 (.03)*		–.07 (.04)^+
Time on SNAP	.04 (.06)		.07 (.05)
% w/$60,000<income<$125,000	–.03 (.01)*		–.02 (.01)^+
% w/$60,000<income<$125,000*time on SNAP	.15 (.05)*		.05 (.04)
Time on SNAP	.09 (.06)		.07 (.05)
% w/income>$125,000	–.04 (.02)***
% w/income<$125,000*time on SNAP	.20 (.06)***
Time on SNAP	.09 (.06)
n	6,509	5,389	4,862

Note: Models include all control variables. Each neighborhood characteristic is run in a separate model and only statistically significant coefficients are shown. All neighborhood characteristics are standardized (mean = 0; SD = 1).

+:p < .10; *:p < = .05; **:p < = .01; ***:p < = .001.