Unmasking Distorted Reflections: Exploring Body Image, Alcohol, and Drug Use in Nighttime Entertainment Districts

Figures & data

Table 1. Frequencies of estimated age by each researcher.

Age categories
	16–20	21–25	26–30	31–35	36–40	40+
Researcher 1	53	90	31	31	3	7
Researcher 2	9	81	67	26	7	10
Researcher 3	20	109	48	10	8	5

Table 2. Frequencies of researcher ratings of weight.

Researcher 1	Researcher 2	Researcher 3			Row totals
		Under weight	Average	Over weight
Under Weight	Under Weight	14	7	0	21
	Average	4	1	0	5
	Over Weight	0	0	1	1
Average	Under Weight	4	14	0	18
	Average	4	104	9	117
	Over Weight	0	2	6	8
Over Weight	Under Weight	0	0	0	0
	Average	0	1	4	5
	Over Weight	0	0	25	25
Column Total		26	129	45	200

Table 3. Frequencies of researcher ratings of muscle.

Researcher 1	Researcher 2	Researcher 3			Row totals
		Under muscled	Average	Over muscled
Under muscled	Under muscled	12	0	0	12
	Average	1	3	0	4
	Over muscled	0	0	0	0
Average	Under muscled	23	11	0	34
	Average	34	105	5	144
	Over muscled	0	0	1	1
Over Muscled	Under muscled	0	0	0	0
	Average	0	0	1	1
	Over muscled	0	0	4	4
Column Total		70	119	11	200

Table 4. Researcher agreement statistics for perceived muscle and weight of observed participants.

Analysis	Perceived body image		Age – 6 groups	Age – 3 groups	Gender
	Weight	Muscle
Krippendorff’s Alpha	.62	.34	.22	.45	.96
Fleiss’ Kappa
Under	.55*	.30*
Average	.58*	.31*
Over	.79*	.66*
Overall Kappa	.62*	.33*	.22*	.45*	.96*

* p < 0.001.

Table 5. Comparison of sample from Study 1 and Study 2 data collection on a Friday night.

Researcher ratings % (n)						Study 2 average
Age and gender	Rater 1	Rater 2	Rater 3		Average
16–20	26.5% (53)	4.5% (9)		10% (20)	13.67% (27.3)	55.01% (511)
21–25	45% (90)	40.5% (81)		54.5% (109)	46.67% (60)	32.19% (299)
26–30	15.5% (31)	33.5% (67)		24% (48)	24.33% (48.67)	8.61% (80)
31–35	8% (16)	13% (26)		5% (10)	8.67% (17.33)	2.19% (21)
36–40	1.5% (3)	3.5% (7)		4% (8)	3% (6)	0.86% (8)
40^+	3.5% (7)	5% (10)		2.5% (5)	3.67% (22)	1.08% (10)
Male	48.5% (97)	49% (98)		48.5% (97)	48.67% (97.33)	49.73% (462)
Female	51.5% (103)	51% (102)		51.5% (103)	51.33% (102.67)	50.27% (467)
Age 3 categories
16–25	71.5% (143)	45% (90)		64.5% (129)	60.3% (120.67)	87.2% (810)
26–35	23.5% (47)	46.5% (93)		29% (58)	33% (66)	10.8% (101)
36–40^+	9.6% (10)	8.5% (17)		6.5% (13)	8.2% (40)	1.94% (18)

Table 6. Descriptive statistics of participants drinking and drug behaviors.

Drinking/drug statistics		Male %(n)	Female % (n)	Overall M(SD)	Overall % (n)
Preloaded		51.3% (786)	48.7% (747)
Plan to Continue Consuming Alcohol		51.4% (789)	48.6% (747)
		M(SD)	M(SD)
BrAC (All)		.058(.05)	.045(.05)	.057(.046)
BrAC (Preloaders)		.071(.04)	.066(.04)	.069(.042)
Standard Drinks Consumed		6.30(3.88)	4.23(2.53)
Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Usage	Never				92.5% (1463)
	Rarely				2.2% (34)
	Sometimes				1.6% (24)
	Often				.5% (7)
	Always				.5% (8)
Motives	To socialize				47.8% (641)
	Save money				40.37% (541)
	Intoxication				3.8% (51)
	Increase confidence				1.50% (20)
	Feel Relaxed/Comfortable				6.49% (87)

Note: Motives that were only selected once were used in analyses (n = 1340).

Figure 1. Researcher ratings of participant perceived muscle and weight by gender. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 2. Participant ratings of perceived muscle and weight size by gender. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 3. Difference in researcher and participant ratings of perceived weight and muscle size by gender. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 4. Difference in researcher and participant ratings of muscle by steroid usage. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

Data availability statement

All data will be made available to other researchers.