Medication Dosing Safety for Pediatric Patients: Recognizing Gaps, Safety Threats, and Best Practices in the Emergency Medical Services Setting. A Position Statement and Resource Document from NAEMSP

Figures & data

Figure 1. Prehospital pediatric dosing safety scoping review flow diagram.

Table 1. Rubric for assigning levels of evidence

	Therapeutic studies Examining the results of a type of treatment	Diagnostic studies Investigating a diagnostic test or procedure	Economic/Political statements
Level I	Multiple individual high quality randomized controlled trial, all reaching consistent conclusions Systematic review of Level I randomized controlled trials with homogeneous study results	Testing of previously developed diagnostic criteria in series of consecutive patients with universally applied established reference standard(s) Systematic review of level I studies	Sensible costs and alternatives with values obtained from many studies Systematic review of level I studies
Level II	Systematic review of Level I studies with heterogenous or inconsistent results, or systematic reviews of Level II studies. A high quality randomized controlled trial (statistically significant or not statistically significant with narrow confidence intervals) Lesser quality randomized controlled trial poor follow up, no or inadequate blinding, wide confidence intervals, improper or unsuccessful randomization) Prospective comparative study	Systematic review of Level II studies Development of diagnostic criteria on the basis of consecutive patients with universally applied reference standard(s)	Systematic review of Level II studies Sensible costs and alternatives with values obtained from limited studies
Level III	Case control study Retrospective comparative study Systematic review of level III studies	Study of nonconsecutive patients without consistently applied reference standard(s) Systematic review of level III studies	Analysis based on limited alternatives and costs Systematic review of level III studies
Level IV	Case series	Case control study Poor reference standard	No sensitivity analysis
Level V	Expert opinion Editorial Non-peer reviewed published in a trade journal	Expert opinion Editorial Non-peer reviewed published in a trade journal	Expert opinion Editorial Non-peer reviewed published in a trade journal Government documents White papers

Figure 2. Latent errors in dose calculation.