Liaison of phenolic acids and biological activity of escalating cultivars of Daucus carota

Figures & data

Figure 1. HPLC chromatograph mixture of standard phenolic compounds. Peak identification: (1) 3-caffeoylyquinic acid, (2) cis-3-caffeoylquinic acid, (3) 5-caffeoylquinic acid, (4) caffeic acid, (5) 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, (6) 3-feruloyquinic acid, (7) 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, (8) 5-feruloquinic acid, (9) cis-5-caffeoylquinic acid, (10) 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, (11) 4-feruloyquinic acid, (12) 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, (13) 3,4-diferuloylquinic acid, and (14) 3,5-diferuloylquinic acid.

Figure 2. HPLC chromatograms of phenolic compounds of seven cultivars of Daucus carota. Chromatogram identification: (A) T29, (B) DCY, (C) DCR, (D) DC90, (E) DCP, (F) DCW, and (G) DC3. Peak identification: (1) 3-caffeoylquinic acid, (2) cis-3-caffeoylquinic acid, (3) 5-caffeoylquinic acid, (4) cafeic acid, (5) 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, (6) 3-feruloyquinic acid, (7) 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, (8) 5-feruloyquinic acid, (9) cis-5-caffeoylquinic acid, (10) 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, (11) 4-feruloyquinic acid, (12) 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, (13) 3,4-diferuloyquinic acid, and (14) 3,5-diferuloyquinic acid.

Table 1. Phenolic acids profile in different cultivars of D. carota.

Peak number^h	Phenolic compound	Composition (mg/100 g of fresh weight)
		T29	DCR	DC3	DC90	DCY	DCP	DCW
1	3-Caffeoylquinic acid	0.32 ± 0.02^c	0.22 ± 0.01^f	0.28 ± 0.02^d	0.24 ± 0.01^e	0.07 ± 0.00^g	0.92 ± 0.04^a	0.82 ± 0.03^b
2	cis-3-Caffeoylquinic acid	ND	ND	ND	0.08 ± 0.01^b	ND	2.11 ± 0.01^a	ND
3	5-Caffeoylquinic acid	10.2 ± 0.30^e	9.12 ± 0.38^d	11.32 ± 0.42^b	9.91 ± 0.31^c	8.89 ± 0.33^f	33.23 ± 0.42^a	6.98 ± 0.28^g
4	Caffeic acid	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.93 ± 0.13	ND
5	3-p-Coumaroylquinic acid	0.63 ± 0.01^b	0.55 ± 0.02^e	0.58 ± 0.02^d	0.61 ± 0.02^c	0.12 ± 0.01^g	0.81 ± 0.10^a	0.14 ± 0.01^f
6	3-Feruloyquinic acid	0.31 ± 0.01^c	0.32 ± 0.02^b	0.24 ± 0.02^e	0.31 ± 0.02^d	0.16 ± 0.01^f	8.83 ± 0.04^a	0.09 ± 0.00^g
7	3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid	3.12 ± 0.03^c	2.9 ± 0.02^d	3.62 ± 0.03^a	2.41 ± 0.02^e	1.90 ± 0.02^f	3.12 ± 0.03^c	3.33 ± 0.03^b
8	5-Feruloyquinic acid	0.21 ± 0.01^d	0.15 ± 0.01^e	0.11 ± .01^f	0.26 ± 0.01^c	0.06 ± 0.01^g	0.83 ± 0.02^a	0.72 ± 0.02^b
9	cis-5-Caffeoylquinic acid	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.31 ± 0.01^a	0.05 ± 0.00^b
10	5-p-Coumaroylquinic acid	0.10 ± 0.01^d	0.11 ± 0.01^c	0.16 ± 0.02^b	0.09 ± 0.00^e	0.06 ± 0.00^f	0.79 ± 0.00^a	ND
11	4-Feruloyquinic acid	0.51 ± 0.03^a	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.43 ± 0.02^b	ND
12	3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid	4.2 ± 0.04^a	3.5 ± 0.03^c	3.8 ± 0.03^b	1.56 ± 0.02^d	1.49 ± 0.02^e	0.19 ± 0.01^f	ND
13	3,4-Diferuloylquinic acid	0.11 ± 0.01^d	0.08 ± 0.00^f	0.07 ± 0.00^e	3.25 ± 0.02^b	ND	0.43 ± 0.02^c	3.96 ± 0.03^a
14	3,5-Diferuloylquinic acid	ND	0.12 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.01^c	ND	0.05 ± 0.00^e	0.69 ± 0.01^a	0.06 ± 0.00^d
	Total phenolic	19.71 ± 0.08^c	17.07 ± 0.10^e	20.29 ± 0.08^b	18.72 ± 0.09^d	12.8 ± 0.12^g	54.62 ± 1.11^a	16.15 ± 0.09^f

The values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and followed by the same letter within a row are not significantly different (ρ > 0.05). ND, not detected.

^hPeak numbers correspond to the peaks in Figure 2.

Table 2. Total ascorbic acid and total phenolics of selected cultivars of D. carota.

D. carota cultivars	Total ascorbic acid content (mg/100g FW)*	Total phenloic acid content (mg/100g FW)* by spectrophotometer
DCW	43.29 ± 0.32^b	32.85 ± 0.23^b
DCY	41.12 ± 0.22^a	30.26 ± 0.31^a
DCP	58.36 ± 1.46^g	65.39 ± 1.81^g
T29	48.56 ± 0.92^e	36.92 ± 0.26^e
DCR	46.39 ± 0.34^c	33.21 ± 0.21^c
DC3	51.21 ± 0.49^f	42.64 ± 0.20^f
DC90	47.39 ± 0.38^d	38.56 ± 0.38^d

*The values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The superscript alphabets in the column show significant difference (ρ < 0.05).

Table 3. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from different D. carota cultivars.

Extracts of D. carota cultivars	Total antioxidant capacity (mg/100g FW)*	DPPH scavenging capacity (%)*	Superoxide radical scavenging capacity (mg/100g FW)*	Hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (mg/100g FW)*
DCW	43.26 ± 0.21^b	28.56 ± 0.15^b	29.25 ± 0.11^b	28.23 ± 0.14^b
DCY	41.56 ± 0.18^a	27.55 ± 0.12^a	26.55 ± 0.13^a	28.12 ± 0.11^a
DCP	77.69 ± 1.12^g	52.36 ± 0.76^g	53.69 ± 0.82^g	51.91 ± 0.63^g
T29	53.12 ± 0.45^e	32.81 ± 0.09^e	35.39 ± 0.12^e	38.36 ± 0.11^e
DCR	45.60 ± 0.35^d	29.89 ± 0.11^d	30.12 ± 0.10^d	33.32 ± 0.09^d
DC3	55.53 ± 0.32^f	38.36 ± 0.12^f	36.93 ± 0.13^f	35.12 ± 0.14^f
DC90	45.35 ± 0.34^c	31.33 ± 0.13^c	29.63 ± 011^c	32.51 ± 0.16^c

*The values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The superscript alphabets in the column show significant difference (ρ < 0.05).

Figure 3. Relationship of total phenolic contents with (A) antioxidant activity, and (B) DPPH scavenging activity in D. carota.