Self-initiated management approaches in everyday occupations used by people with acquired cognitive impairment

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of the analysed studies; participants and methods.

Study	Participants	Methods of data collection adopted	Form of analysis adopted
Brorsson et al. [13]	Six persons with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), mild stage	Individual interviews in homes and participatory observations in public space	Grounded theory
Brorsson et al. [20]	Six persons with AD, mild stage	Two focus groups in combination with photo elicitations, and individual interviews	Grounded theory
Hedman et al. [21]	Five persons with MCI and one person with AD, mild stage	Repeated individual interviews (two occasions)	Grounded theory
Rosenberg and Nygård [12]	10 persons with MCI and 10 persons with AD, mild stage	Individual interviews in homes	Grounded theory
Rosenberg and Nygård [7]	Seven persons with AD, mild to moderate stage	Individual interviews and participatory observations in homes (one occasion)	Phenomenological interpretative approach
Nygård. [17]	Seven empirical studies, with in total 33 persons with mild -moderate stage dementia and 10 secondary informants	Interviews in homes (one study in clinic), and participatory observations in homes and surroundings; data collected at single or repeated occasions, or longitudinally (3 years)	Aggregated analysis. In the Seven studies: comparative analysis, hermeneutic interpretation, phenomenological interpretative method, case analysis
Häggström et al. [22]	11 persons of working age with Acquired Brain injury (ABI)	Qualitative interviews in homes or clinic setting	Content analysis
Larsson Lund et al. [23]	13 persons of working age with ABI	Qualitative interviews and observations in homes	Grounded theory
Kassberg et al. [24]	Nine persons of working age with ABI (seven moderate disability, two severe disability)*	Qualitative interviews and observations in workplaces	Constant comparative method
Olofsson et al. [25]	Eight persons of working age with ABI (seven moderate disability, one good recovery)^a	Qualitative interviews on 2–4 occasions in home or the investigators office	Constant comparative method
Olofsson et al. [26]	Two persons of working age with ABI (both moderate disability)^a	Repeated semi-structured interviews and participatory observations in home and community/public places	Narrative analysis

^aAccording to The Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE). Severe disability includes people who are dependent on assistance. Moderate disability include people who are independent in activities in daily life but are not able to resume their previous capacity to perform work, leisure, and social activities. Good recovery includes people who have no or only minor problems in daily life compared to those experienced prior their injury. This information was not available for studies 23 and 24.

Table 2. Categories of management approaches and strategies and their origins in the 11 empirical studies.

Category of management approach	Ways of applying the approach; i.e. strategies	Origins in publications among persons with MCI or dementia	Origins in publications among persons with ABI
Using language as support	Writing; e.g. notes, reminders to yourself in the calendar	[13,17]	[23,24,25]
	Utilising written material for support, e.g. cribs or instructions for use	[12]	[23,24]
	Talking aloud to yourself	[13,17]	—
Relying on support from other persons	Informing and/or showing others what works best for you, or how you would prefer things to be	—	[22,23]
	Asking for help, doing together or having someone around	[7,12,13,17,20,21]	[23,24,25]
	Leaving it to someone else	[12,21]	[23]
	Learning new together with others	[7]	[24]
	Following others, do as other people do	[20]	—
Relying on support from habits and from what is well known	Holding on to your habits and routines Simply trying again, repeating	[7,13,17,21] [12,13,17]	[23,26] [23]
Relying on the body’s patterns of habits	Showing objects, using body language and gestures e.g. if you lose words	[13,17]	—
	Using memorized embodied movements, e.g. the bodily memory of codes	[7,17]	[23]
Reinforcing and relying on the senses	Leaving things visible, or memorizing visible cues	[13,17]	—
	Listening for sounds, e.g. in order to remember, recognize	[17]	—
	Touching objects in order to e.g. identify them, remember	[17]	—
Shaping up/getting your act together	Being one step ahead, prepared	[17,20]	25
	Being particularly attentive or concentrated	[13,17,20]	[24,25,26]
	Going backwards in memory in order to e.g. find things, find the topic/thread	[13,17]	—
	Repeatedly controlling e.g. that you locked the door	[17]	[24]
	Taking ‘one thing/activity a time’, ‘one step/action a time’	[17]	[23,24]
	Using associations e.g. in order to remember codes	—	[23]
Specifically selecting and prioritising	Specifically selecting WHERE you do different activities (based on e.g. light, sound, distance, usability, attitudes, safety and risk)	[12,13,17,20]	[22,23,25]
	Specifically selecting WHEN you do different activities	[12,17]	[25,26]
	Making sure to have plenty of time at your disposal	[13,17]	[24]
	Using rests and brakes	—	[24,25,26]
	Using assistive devices/technology to e.g. recall, find the way, manage disturbing sounds	[7,12,17,21]	[23,26]
	Choosing not to use technologies/assistive devices/tools	[12,13,21]	[23]
	Planning activities over time, e.g. choosing not to do, or to prioritise activities	[13,20,21]	[22,23,25,26]
	Specifically selecting new social contexts and/or find new friends	—	[22]
	Searching for information about specific solutions, what kind of help is available	—	[22]

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