Fat percentage cutoff values to define obesity and prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older adults in Turkey

Figures & data

Table 1. Age, muscle strength, and body composition data of the subjects by gender.

	Male (n = 303)	Female (n = 667)	Total (n = 970)
Age	76.3 ± 6.9	74.3 ± 7.2	75.2 ± 7.2
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.7 ± 4.3	30.7 ± 5.6	29.7 ± 5.4
Fat (%)	26.4 ± 6.3	38.2 ± 7.1	34.5 ± 8.8
SMMI (kg/m^2)	10.9 ± 1.1	10.1 ± 1.2	10.3 ± 1.2

BMI: body mass index; SMMI: skeletal muscle mass index; HGS: hand grip strength.

Table 2. The body fat% thresholds for obesity according to Zoico method (fat percentile above 60th percentile) and obesity prevalences in our study and comparison with the different populations.

	Turkey^a	Italy		Korea (> =60)		France
	(BIA)	(DXA)^b		(DXA)^c		(DXA)^d
	Male	Female	Female	Male	Female	Female
	n = 308	N = 684	n = 167	n = 198	n = 328	n = 1308
Obesity (fat%) threshold (Zoico definition)	27.3%	40.7%	42.9%	20.2%	31.7%	40%
Obesity prevalence (Zoico)	40.3% (124)	40.5% (277)	39.6%	20.3%	16.5%	36%
Obesity prevalence (WHO)	29.2% (92)	53.7% (380)	15.8%

^aBody composition was assessed by BIA.

^b Body composition was assessed by DXA. The study included only the female participants [8].

^c Body composition was assessed by DXA [28].

^d Body composition was assessed by DXA [10].

^e The prevalence of obesity by Zoico method was analyzed by the figures given in the corresponding articles.

Table 3. The prevalence of low muscle mass, EWGSOP defined sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in our study and comparison with the different populations.

	Turkey^a (BIA)		Italy^b (DXA)	France (DXA)^c
	Male	Female	Female	Female
	n = 308	n = 684	n = 167	n = 1308
Class I low muscle mass (n = 308 vs n = 684)	22.4% (69)	3.1% (21)	27.2%
Class II low muscle mass (n = 308 vs n = 684)	5.2% (16)	0.6% (4)		9.6% (126)
Sarcopenia (EWGSOP) (n = 294 vs n = 668)	3.1% (9)	0.4% (3)
SO (Zoico)^d (Class I LMM + Obesity)	5.5% (17)	0.3% (2)	12.4%
SO (Zoico)^e (Class II LMM + Obesity)	1% (3)	0.1% (1)		2.8%
SO (Zoico)^f (EWGSOP Sarcopenia + Obesity) (n = 294 vs n = 668)	0.3% (1)	0.1% (1)
SO (WHO)^g (n = 294 vs n = 668)	0	0

The data are given as percent (numbers).

SO: sarcopenic obesity; LMM: low muscle mass; WHO: World Health Organization.

Class I and Class II low muscle mass were defined as skeletal muscle mass index lower than 1 and 2 standard deviations of the young reference population.

^aLMM was noted by SMMI adjusted for height2. [SMMI= skeletal muscle mass (kg)/height (m2’)] [26]. Sarcopenia was defined by the EWGSOP criterion. Body composition was assessed by BIA estimating the total skeletal muscle mass.

^bThe authors regarded sarcopenia as the presence of LMM. Body composition was assessed by DXA. They used both appendicular SMMI adjusted for height2 and total SMMI adjusted for total body weight [total skeletal muscle mass*100 (kg) /body weight (kg)]. They defined presence of sarcopenia either as the presence of LMM when SMMI was adjusted by height2 or SMMI adjusted by total body weight and gave a composite figure. They only noted the SO data when sarcopenia was defined as the presence of Class I LMM. It included only the female subjects [8].

^cThe authors regarded sarcopenia as the presence of LMM. Body composition was assessed by DXA. They used appendicular SMMI adjusted for height2. They only noted the SO data when sarcopenia was defined as the presence of Class II LMM. It included only the female subjects [10].

^dSO was defined as presence of Class I LMM plus obesity (Zoico definition).

^eSO was defined as presence of Class II LMM plus obesity (Zoico definition).

^fSO was defined as sarcopenia (EWGSOP definition) plus obesity (Zoico definition).

^gSO was defined as sarcopenia (EWGSOP) plus obesity (WHO definition).

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