The predictive value of serum testosterone level on the functional outcomes after acute ischemic stroke in males

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics and initial neurological status of the 110 male patients with acute ischemic stroke.

	All	Total testosterone				Bioavailable testosterone				Free testosterone				Estradiol
		1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile	p	1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile	p	1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile	p	1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile	p
Age (years)	62.0 [23.3]	65.5 [21.3]	63.0 [20.5]	56.0 [22.0]	0.03	75.0 [25.3]	65.0 [16.5]	54.0 [14.5]	<0.001	75.0 [22.0]	65.0 [17.0]	53.0 [13.5]	<0.001	62.0 [23.0]	60.5 [17.3]	65.0 [25.0]	0.70
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.5 [5.1]	25.0 [3.6]	26.7 [6.0]	22.9 [5.1]	0.01	23.5 [4.9]	25.7 [5.5]	26.5 [4.5]	0.01	23.2 [4.7]	25.7 [5.4]	26.4 [3.7]	<0.01	24.8 [4.1]	26.8 [5.0]	23.3 [5.5]	0.02
Obesity (%)	55 (50.0)	22 (61.1)	18 (48.6)	15 (40.5)	0.21	14 (38.9)	24 (64.9)	17 (45.9)	0.07	15 (41.7)	21 (56.8)	19 (51.4)	0.43	17 (45.9)	20 (52.6)	18 (51.4)	0.83
Smoking (%)	47 (42.7)	14 (30.9)	15 (40.5)	18 (48.6)	0.66	13 (36.1)	17 (45.9)	17 (45.9	0.62	14 (38.9	17 (45.9)	16 (43.2	0.83	13 (35.1	18 (47.4	16 (4.7)	0.51
Hypertension (%)	89 (80.9)	31 (86.1)	29 (78.4)	29 (78.4)	0.63	29 (80.6)	33 (89.2)	27 (73.0)	0.21	31 (86.1)	32 (86.5)	26 (70.3)	0.13	30 (81.1)	30 (78.9)	29 (82.9)	0.91
Diabetes mellitus (%)	53 (48.2)	16 (44.4)	21 (56.8)	16 (43.2)	0.44	16 (44.4)	22 (59.5)	15 (40.5)	0.23	16 (44.4)	19 (51.4)	18 (48.6)	0.84	21 (56.8)	16 (42.7)	16 (45.7)	0.42
Hyperlipidemia (%)	54 (49.1)	12 (33.3)	24 (64.9)	18 (48.6)	0.03	14 (38.9)	21 (56.8)	19 (51.4)	0.30	12 (33.3)	20 (54.1)	22 (59.5)	0.06	19 (51.4)	19 (50.0)	16 (45.7)	0.88
Metabolic syndrome (%)	60 (54.6)	17 (50.0)	24 (66.7)	19 (54.3)	0.34	16 (47.1)	25 (71.4)	19 (52.8)	0.10	16 (48.5)	23 (63.9)	21 (58.3)	0.43	22 (62.9)	19 (50.0)	19 (59.4)	0.52
Prior ischemic stroke (%)	22 (20.0)	11 (31.4)	7 (18.9)	5 (13.5)	0.16	7 (19.4)	9 (25.0)	7 (18.9)	0.78	8 (22.2)	8 (22.2)	7 (18.9)	0.92	10 (27.0)	7 (18.4)	6 (17.6)	0.55
Atrial fibrillation (%)	8 (7.3)	3 (8.3)	2 (5.4)	3 (8.1)	0.87	4 (11.1)	2 (5.4)	2 (5.4)	0.56	4 (11.1)	3 (8.1)	1 (2.7)	0.37	0 (0)	3 (7.9)	5 (14.3)	0.07
Coronary heart disease (%)	10 (9.1)	1 (2.8)	4 (10.8)	5 (13.5)	0.25	2 (5.6)	3 (8.1)	5 (13.5)	0.48	3 (8.3)	2 (5.4)	5 (13.5)	0.47	5 (13.5)	2 (5.3)	3 (8.6)	0.46
Uremia (%)	3 (2.7)	2 (5.6)	1 (2.7)	0 (0)	0.35	2 (5.6)	0 (0)	1 (2.7)	0.35	2 (5.6)	1 (2.7)	0 (0)	0.35	1 (2.7)	2 (5.3	0 (0)	0.39
NIHSS (admission)	4.0 [4.0]	4.0 [4.0]	5.0 [4.0]	4.0 [4.0]	0.58	4.0 [4.0]	4.5 [3.0]	3.5 [4.0]	0.39	4.0 [4.0]	4.0 [3.8]	4.0 [4.0]	0.46	5.0 [4.0]	3.0 [3.0]	4.0 [4.0]	0.22
mRS (admission)	2.0 [1.8]	2.0 [2.0]	2.0 [2.0]	2.0 [1.0]	0.32	3.0 [1.0]	2.0 [2.5]	2.0 [2.0]	0.16	2.5 [1.0]	2.0 [1.8]	2.0 [2.0]	0.27	2.0 [1.8]	2.0 [2.0]	2.0 [1.0]	0.46

Total testosterone (ng/dL): 1st tertile <375; 2nd tertile 375–500; 3rd tertile >500.

Bioavailable testosterone (ng/dL): 1st tertile <121; 2nd tertile 121–163; 3rd tertile >163.

Free testosterone (ng/dL): 1st tertile <5.8; 2nd tertile 5.8–7.5; 3rd tertile >7.5.

Estradiol (pg/mL): 1st tertile <33.3; 2nd tertile 33.3–46.4; 3rd tertile >46.4.

Table 2. The association of male sex hormone levels with the 3-month functional outcomes.

	All	Total testosterone				Bioavailable testosterone				Free testosterone				Estradiol
		1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile	p	1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile	p	1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile	p	1st tertile	2nd tertile	3rd tertile	p
NIHSS (3 months)	1.0 [2.0]	1.0 [2.0]	1.0 [2.0]	1.0 [2.0]	0.72	1.0 [2.0]	1.0 [2.5]	1.0 [2.0]	0.12	1.0 [2.0]	1.0 [2.5]	1.0 [2.0]	0.23	1.0 [2.0]	1.0 [2.0]	1.0 [2.0]	0.58
mRS (3 months)	1.0 [2.3]	1.0 [2.8]	1.0 [1.0]	1.0 [3.0]	0.94	1.5 [2.0]	1.0 [2.5]	1.0 [2.0]	0.05	1.0 [2.0]	1.0 [2.5]	1.0 [2.0]	0.31	1.0 [2.5]	1.0 [1.3]	2.0 [2.0]	0.56

Total testosterone (ng/dL): 1st tertile <375; 2nd tertile 375–500; 3rd tertile >500.

Bioavailable testosterone (ng/dL): 1st tertile <121; 2nd tertile 121–163; 3rd tertile >163.

Free testosterone (ng/dL): 1st tertile <5.8; 2nd tertile 5.8–7.5; 3rd tertile >7.5.

Estradiol (pg/mL): 1st tertile <33.3; 2nd tertile 33.3–46.4; 3rd tertile >46.4.

Table 3. Univariate logistic regression analysis determining the odds ratio of sex hormones for poor functional outcome (mRS ≥3) at 3 months.

	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p Value
Total testosterone
1st tertile	1.08 (0.39, 3.03)	0.88
2nd tertile	0.52 (0.17, 1.63)	0.26
3rd tertile	REF
Bioavailable testosterone
1st tertile	5.91 (1.50, 23.30)	0.01
2nd tertile	4.80 (1.21, 18.96)	0.03
3rd tertile	REF
Free testosterone
1st tertile	3.78 (1.07, 13.32)	0.04
2nd tertile	3.49 (1.00, 12.24)	0.05
3rd tertile	REF
Estradiol
1st tertile	1.49 (0.51, 4.29)	0.47
2nd tertile	0.76 (0.24, 2.38)	0.64
3rd tertile	REF

Table 4. Multivariate logistic regression analysis determining the odds ratio of sex hormones for poor functional outcome (mRS ≥3) at 3 months.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Bioavailable testosterone
1st tertile	2.55 (0.54, 11.9)	0.24	2.76 (0.45, 16.9)	0.27	2.01 (0.31, 13.0)	0.47	3.49 (0.45, 26.9)	0.23
2nd tertile	2.87 (0.68, 12.2)	0.15	2.85 (0.55, 14.8)	0.21	3.78 (0.52, 27.5)	0.19	4.44 (0.49, 40.1)	0.18
3rd tertile	REF		REF		REF		REF
Free testosterone
1st tertile	1.28 (0.29, 5.72)	0.75	0.85 (0.16, 4.56)	0.85	0.95 (0.14, 6.32)	0.96	1.23 (0.16, 9.69)	0.85
2nd tertile	1.95 (0.51, 7.48)	0.33	1.32 (0.31, 5.69)	0.71	3.44 (0.52, 22.6)	0.20	2.87 (0.40, 20.9)	0.30
3rd tertile	REF		REF		REF		REF