Metabolic syndrome-related factors as possible targets for lower urinary tract symptoms in Korean males

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline patient characteristics.

	Metabolic syndrome (−)	Metabolic syndrome (+)	p Value
No. of patients	742 (55.2)	603 (44.8)
Age (years)	54.3 (47.0–59.5)	56.7 (50.9–61.5)	<.001
Total IPSS	8 (5–13)	10 (6–14)	.001
Severity of symptoms			.002
Mild	326 (43.9)	211 (35.0)
Moderate	363 (48.9)	330 (54.7)
Severe	53 (7.1)	62 (10.3)
Prostate volume (cm^3)	24 (20–29)	26 (22–32)	<.001
Benign prostatic hyperplasia	163 (22.0)	198 (32.8)	<.001
OABSS	2 (1–3)	2 (1–4)	<.001
Overactive bladder	123 (16.6)	144 (23.9)	.001
BMI (kg/cm^2)	24.5 (23–26.4)	26.6 (24.7–28.7)	<.001
Waist (cm)	86 (82–90)	93 (88–99)	<.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	119 (112–128)	126 (117–134)	<.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	70 (65–76)	74 (68–80)	<.001
Hyperlipidemia	151 (20.4)	461 (76.5)	<.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	52 (46–61)	47 (40–56)	<.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	125 (106–148)	125 (98–151)	.491
Glucose (mg/dL)	98 (93–105)	108 (101–120)	<.001
HbA1c (%)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	5.8 (5.5–6.1)	<.001
Medical history
Hypertension	185 (24.9)	326 (54.1)	<.001
Diabetes mellitus	62 (8.4)	47 (7.8)	.393
CAOD	12 (1.6)	19 (3.2)	.047
CVD	7 (0.9)	6 (1.0)	.569
AST (IU/L)	28 (23–35)	31 (25–40)	<.001
ALT (IU/L)	26 (20–35)	33 (24–45)	<.001
Fatty liver			<.001
Mild	235 (31.7)	209 (34.7)
Moderate to severe	123 (16.6)	238 (39.5)
T3 (ng/dL)	108.0 (97.1–118.1)	110.8 (98.7–123.1)	.001
FT4 (ng/dL)	1.3 (1.2–1.4)	1.3 (1.2–1.4)	.551
TSH (mcIU/mL)	2.18 (1.51–3.26)	2.28 (1.59–3.33)	.349
Serum PSA (ng/mL)	0.82 (0.56–1.23)	0.83 (0.56–1.29)	.506
Testosterone (nmol/L)	16.7 (13.1–20.7)	14.4 (10.9–18.0)	<.001
SHBG (nmol/L)	48.2 (37.2–61.4)	40.9 (30.7–54.5)	<.001

Note: Data are expressed as N (%) or median (interquartile ranges). ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CAOD: coronary artery occlusive disease; CVD: cerebrovascular disease; FT4: free thyroxine; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IPSS: International Prostate Symptom Score; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OABSS: Overactive Bladder Symptom Score; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; SHBG: sex-hormone binding globulin; T3: triiodothyronine; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Table 2. Multiple linear regression analysis for IPSS, OABSS, and prostate volume.

	IPSS			OABSS			Prostate volume
	β	SE	p Value	β	SE	p Value	β	SE	p Value
Age	0.096	0.018	<.001	0.045	0.006	<.001	0.186	0.021	<.001
PSA							4.977	0.286	<.001
Waist							0.182	0.022	<.001
Prostate volume	0.062	0.020	.002
HbA1c	0.590	0.186	.002	0.324	0.065	<.001
AST	0.014	0.006	.015
TSH				0.040	0.016	.012
CAOD	2.200	1.081	.042	1.422	0.371	<.001
CVA	4.742	1.665	.004	2.554	0.572	<.001
Metabolic syndrome				0.353	0.113	.002

Note: AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CAOD: coronary artery occlusive disease; CVD: cerebrovascular disease; IPSS: International Prostate Symptom Score; OABSS: Overactive Bladder Symptom Score; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; SE: standard error; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Table 3. Multiple linear regression analysis for IPSS, OABSS according to metabolic syndrome.

	Metabolic syndrome (−)			Metabolic syndrome (+)
	β	SE	p Value	β	SE	p Value
	IPSS
Age	0.100	0.022	<.001	0.113	0.030	<.001
Prostate volume	0.066	0.027	.013
HbA1c				0.606	0.276	.029
CVD				5.776	2.499	.021
	OABSS
Age	0.042	0.007	<.001	0.046	0.011	<.001
HbA1c	0.370	0.082	<.001	0.319	0.101	<.001
HDL-C	0.017	0.006	.003
TSH				0.057	0.021	.006
CAOD	1.286	0.503	.011	1.527	0.549	.006
CVD	1.475	0.709	.038	3.514	0.912	<.001

Note: CAOD: coronary artery occlusive disease; CVD: cerebrovascular disease; IPSS: International Prostate Symptom Score; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OABSS: Overactive Bladder Symptom Score; SE: standard error; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Data availability statement

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.