Association of serum uric acid levels with benign prostatic hyperplasia in US men: results from NHANES 2005–2008

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of the screening process for participants included in this study.

Table 1. Weighted characteristics of participants according to BPH classification.

		Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Characteristics	All (n = 2845)	No (n = 2314)	Yes (n = 531)	p value
Age (mean ± se)	55.99 ± 0.24	54.39 ± 0.25	64.03 ± 0.62	< 0.001*
Uric Acid (mean ± se)	364.49 ± 1.82	365.77 ± 2.02	358.04 ± 4.18	0.961
Race, weighted% (95%CI)				< 0.001*
Mexican American	6.0 (5.4, 6.7)	6.5 (5.8, 7.3)	3.2 (2.3, 4.5)
Other Hispanic	3.1 (2.6, 3.7)	3.2 (2.6, 3.9)	2.5 (1.3, 4.6)
Non-Hispanic White	77.5 (75.9, 79.1)	75.8 (73.9, 77.6)	86.2 (83.0, 88.8)
Non-Hispanic Black	8.8 (8.0, 9.7)	9.4 (8.5, 10.5)	5.8 (4.6, 7.4)
Other Race	4.6 (3.6, 5.8)	5.0 (3.9, 6.5)	2.3 (1.1, 4.8)
Marital status, weighted%(95%CI)				0.056
Married/living with partner	75.8 (73.8, 77.7)	74.7 (72.4, 76.9)	81.3 (77.0, 85.0)
Live alone	24.2 (22.2, 26.2)	25.2 (23.1, 27.5)	18.7 (15.0, 23.0)
Education, weighted% (95%CI)				< 0.001*
<High school	8.2 (7.3, 9.2)	8.5 (7.4, 9.7)	6.8 (5.0, 9.0)
High school	36.0 (33.7, 38.3)	37.2 (34.7, 39.8)	29.7 (25.1, 34.8)
>High school	55.8 (53.5, 58.1)	54.3 (51.7, 56.9)	63.5 (58.3, 68.4)
Poverty-income ratio, weighted% (95%CI)				< 0.001*
<1.5	16.8 (15.4, 18.3)	18.0 (16.4, 19.7)	10.5 (8.3, 13.1)
1.5–3.5	28.0 (25.9, 30.1)	26.9 (24.7, 29.2)	33.4 (28.7, 38.6)
>3.5	50.0 (47.6, 52.3)	49.7 (47.0, 52.3)	51.4 (46.0, 56.8)
Missing	5.3 (4.4, 6.4)	5.4 (4.4, 6.7)	4.7 (3.0, 7.2)
Smoking status, weighted% (95%CI)				< 0.001*
Non-smoker	40.9 (38.5, 43.3)	41.7 (39.1, 44.3)	36.9 (31.6, 42.4)
Former smoker	36.7 (34.4, 39.0)	33.6 (31.2, 36.1)	52.1 (46.6, 57.5)
Current smoker	22.5 (20.5, 24.5)	24.7 (22.5, 27.1)	11.0 (8.2, 14.8)
Alcohol intake, weighted% (95%CI)				< 0.001*
Nondrinker	10.8 (9.5, 12.3)	10.4 (9.0, 12.0)	12.9 (9.7, 17.1)
Light drinker	35.5 (33.2, 37.9)	33.7 (31.2, 36.3)	44.7 (39.3, 50.2)
Heavy drinker	42.4 (40.0, 44.7)	44.9 (42.3, 47.5)	29.7 (25.0, 35.0)
Missing	11.3 (9.9, 12.8)	11.0 (9.6, 12.7)	12.6 (9.7, 16.3)
BMI status, weighted% (95%CI)				0.753
BMI < 20	1.8 (1.3, 2.5)	1.8 (1.3, 2.6)	1.8 (1.0, 3.3)
20 ≤ BMI < 25	19.7 (17.9, 21.7)	19.7 (17.7, 21.8)	20.0 (16.1, 24.6)
25 ≤ BMI < 30	41.8 (39.5, 44.2)	41.7 (39.1, 44.3)	42.4 (37.0, 47.9)
BMI ≥ 30	35.7 (33.5, 38.0)	35.8 (33.3, 38.4)	35.2 (30.1, 40.6)
Missing	1.0 (0.6, 1.5)	1.0 (0.6, 1.6)	0.7 (0.3, 1.5)
Hypertension, weighted% (95%CI)				< 0.001*
Yes	49.1 (46.7, 51.4)	46.7 (44.1, 49.4)	60.7 (55.2, 66.0)
No	50.9 (48.6, 53.3)	53.3 (50.6, 55.9)	39.3 (34.0, 44.8)
Diabetes, weighted% (95%CI)				0.430
Yes	14.2 (12.8, 15.8)	13.7 (12.1, 15.4)	16.9 (13.5, 21.1)
No	83.9 (82.2, 85.5)	84.4 (82.6, 86.1)	81.4 (77.1, 85.1)
Missing	1.8 (1.3, 2.6)	1.9 (1.3, 2.8)	1.7 (0.7, 4.0)
History of cardiovascular disease, weighted% (95%CI)				< 0.001*
Yes	29.3 (27.2, 31.5)	26.9 (24.7, 29.3)	41.3 (36.0, 46.8)
No	70.7 (68.4, 72.8)	73.0 (70.6, 75.3)	58.7 (53.2, 64.0)

BMI: body mass index.

*p < 0.05.

Table 2. Weighted characteristics of participants according to UA classification.

Characteristics	UA				P Value
	Q1 (83.3 ∼ 309.3)	Q2 (309.3 ∼ 356.9)	Q3 (356.9 ∼ 410.4)	Q4 (410.4 ∼ 1046.8)
Age (mean ± se)	57.39 ± 0.55	55.14 ± 0.45	55.14 ± 0.47	56.50 ± 0.48	< 0.001*
Race, weighted% (95%CI)					< 0.001*
Mexican American	8.8 (7.3, 10.7)	6.4 (5.2, 7.8)	6.2 (5.0, 7.6)	3.2 (2.4, 4.2)
Other Hispanic	4.0 (2.8, 5.7)	3.3 (2.2, 4.8)	2.6 (1.7, 4.0)	2.6 (1.8, 3.8)
Non-Hispanic White	73.7 (69.8, 77.2)	78.9 (75.7, 81.8)	79.4 (76.2, 82.4)	77.5 (74.0, 80.5)
Non-Hispanic Black	9.2 (7.5, 11.3)	7.7 (6.2, 9.4)	7.8 (6.3, 9.7)	10.5 (8.9, 12.4)
Other Race	4.3 (2.4, 7.4)	3.8 (2.3, 6.2)	3.9 (2.3, 6.5)	6.3 (4.1, 9.4)
Marital status, weighted% (95%CI)
Married/living with partner	74.7 (70.3, 78.6)	73.8 (69.5, 77.6)	77.4 (73.3, 81.0)	77.2 (73.4, 80.6)	0.622
Live alone	25.1 (21.2, 29.5)	26.2 (22.4, 30.5)	22.6 (19.0, 26.7)	22.8 (19.4, 26.6)
Education, weighted% (95%CI)					0.154
<High school	10.0 (7.8, 12.8)	7.5 (6.0, 9.5)	7.8 (6.2, 9.8)	7.8 (6.0, 10.0)
High school	42.4 (37.6, 47.3)	35.9 (31.6, 40.5)	32.5 (28.3, 37.0)	34.2 (30.0, 38.7)
>High school	47.5 (42.6, 52.5)	56.5 (51.9, 61.1)	59.8 (55.2, 64.2)	58.0 (53.5, 62.4)
Poverty-income ratio, weighted% (95%CI)					0.121
<1.5	20.0 (16.9, 23.5)	18.2 (15.3, 21.5)	14.4 (12.0, 17.2)	15.0 (12.5, 17.8)
1.5–3.5	31.8 (27.4, 36.5)	24.0 (20.4, 28.1)	25.9 (22.1, 30.0)	30.7 (26.7, 35.1)
>3.5	42.4 (37.4, 47.5)	53.1 (48.4, 57.7)	54.9 (50.3, 59.5)	48.2 (43.6, 52.9)
Missing	5.8 (4.1, 8.1)	4.7 (3.1, 7.0)	4.8 (3.3, 6.9)	6.0 (4.2, 8.6)
Smoking status, weighted% (95%CI)					0.015*
Non-smoker	39.9 (35.1, 44.9)	39.4 (34.9, 44.1)	40.6 (35.9, 45.4)	43.4 (38.8, 48.0)
Former smoker	34.5 (30.1, 39.2)	33.3 (29.1, 37.7)	37.7 (33.2, 42.3)	40.7 (36.3, 45.3)
Current smoker	25.6 (21.5, 30.2)	27.3 (23.2, 31.8)	21.8 (18.2, 25.8)	15.9 (12.9, 19.4)
Alcohol intake, weighted% (95%CI)					0.069
Nondrinker	14.1 (11.1, 17.9)	11.3 (8.8, 14.5)	8.6 (6.4, 11.4)	9.8 (7.5, 12.7)
Light drinker	34.3 (29.7, 39.3)	33.0 (28.7, 37.6)	36.3 (31.8, 41.1)	38.2 (33.8, 42.8)
Heavy drinker	38.3 (33.6, 43.2)	44.5 (39.8, 49.2)	44.0 (39.3, 48.8)	42.0 (37.6, 46.7)
Missing	13.2 (10.4, 16.7)	11.2 (8.7, 14.3)	11.1 (8.6, 14.2)	10.0 (7.6, 12.9)
BMI status, weighted% (95%CI)					< 0.001*
BMI < 20	4.0 (2.5, 6.3)	1.9 (1.0, 3.4)	1.2 (0.5, 2.5)	0.6 (0.2, 1.4)
20 ≤ BMI < 25	31.0 (26.5, 35.8)	21.6 (18.0, 25.6)	15.5 (12.5, 19.1)	13.0 (10.2, 16.4)
25 ≤ BMI < 30	41.4 (36.6, 46.3)	46.9 (42.2, 51.6)	41.4 (36.8, 46.2)	37.6 (33.2, 42.1)
BMI ≥ 30	22.6 (18.7, 27.0)	29.2 (25.1, 33.6)	41.0 (36.3, 45.8)	47.5 (42.9, 52.1)
Missing	1.1 (0.5, 2.5)	0.5 (0.2, 1.3)	0.9 (0.4, 2.1)	1.4 (0.7, 2.8)
Hypertension, weighted% (95%CI)					< 0.001*
Yes	44.5 (39.7, 49.4)	44.9 (40.3, 49.6)	49.6 (44.8, 54.4)	56.2 (51.5, 60.8)
No	55.5 (50.6, 60.3)	55.1 (50.4, 59.7)	50.4 (45.6, 55.2)	43.8 (39.2, 48.5)
Diabetes, weighted% (95%CI)					< 0.001*
Yes	19.7 (16.3, 23.7)	11.4 (9.0, 14.3)	11.2 (8.8, 14.1)	15.5 (12.7, 18.8)
No	78.0 (73.9, 81.6)	86.9 (83.6, 89.5)	86.6 (83.3, 89.3)	83.3 (79.9, 86.2)
Missing	2.3 (1.2, 4.3)	1.8 (0.8, 3.7)	2.2 (1.1, 4.5)	1.2 (0.6, 2.6)
History of cardiovascular disease, weighted%(95%CI)					0.252
Yes	30.2 (25.9, 35.0)	25.6 (21.7, 29.8)	29.6 (25.4, 34.2)	32.0 (27.9, 36.5)
No	69.8 (65.0, 74.1)	74.4 (70.1, 78.2)	70.4 (65.8, 74.6)	68.0 (63.5, 72.1)

BMI: body mass index; Q: Quartile.

*p < 0.05.

Table 3. Association between UA and BPH, weighted.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
UA, per 100μmol/L	0.88 (0.75–1.03)	0.101	0.86 (0.73–1.01)	0.067	0.82 (0.69–0.97)	0.023*
Q1	1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)
Q2	0.67 (0.47,0.95)	0.024*	0.73 (0.49–1.07)	0.105	0.73 (0.49–1.09)	0.122
Q3	0.78 (0.56–1.11)	0.165	0.84 (0.57,1.23)	0.376	0.81 (0.55–1.20)	0.293
Q4	0.70 (0.50,0.98)	0.038*	0.67 (0.46–0.98)	0.040*	0.61 (0.41–0.91)	0.015*
P trend	0.106		0.080		0.028*

*p < 0.05, Q: Quartile.

Model 1: Unadjusted model.

Model 2: Adjusted for age, race, education level, marital status, and PIR.

Model 3: Model 2 and adjusted for BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

Table 4. Weighted or (95% CI) of UA and BPH in each subgroup.

Subgroup	Q1	Q2		Q3		Q4
		OR^a (95% CI)	p Value	OR^a (95% CI)	p Value	OR^a (95% CI)	p Value
Age
<60	1(Ref)	0.58 (0.29, 1.18)	0.131	0.59 (0.30, 1.17)	0.131	0.49 (0.24, 0.98)	0.045*
≥60	1(Ref)	0.83 (0.54, 1.27)	0.390	0.95 (0.62, 1.45)	0.813	0.73 (0.48, 1.10)	0.130
Race
Mexican American	1(Ref)	0.38 (0.14, 1.06)	0.065	0.77 (0.27, 2.19)	0.620	0.85 (0.29, 2.54)	0.772
Other Hispanic	1(Ref)	1.58 (0.23, 10.73)	0.639	1.67 (0.22, 12.42)	0.617	9.41 (1.43, 61.77)	0.020*
Non-Hispanic White	1(Ref)	0.65 (0.42, 1.03)	0.065	0.72 (0.46, 1.13)	0.155	0.56 (0.35, 0.88)	0.013*
Non-Hispanic Black	1(Ref)	0.83 (0.32, 2.12)	0.693	1.06 (0.42, 2.69)	0.898	0.62 (0.27, 1.39)	0.247
Hypertension
No	1(Ref)	0.80 (0.43, 1.46)	0.465	0.74 (0.39, 1.43)	0.373	0.83 (0.42, 1.61)	0.574
Yes	1(Ref)	0.63 (0.37, 1.07)	0.085	0.82 (0.49, 1.36)	0.447	0.51 (0.31, 0.84)	0.008*
Diabetes
No	1(Ref)	0.62 (0.40, 0.98)	0.041*	0.71 (0.45, 1.12)	0.138	0.54 (0.33, 0.86)	0.010*
Yes	1(Ref)	1.53 (0.62, 3.75)	0.351	1.16 (0.52, 2.61)	0.718	1.01 (0.45, 2.28)	0.974
Smoking habit
Non smoker	1(Ref)	1.15 (0.57, 2.32)	0.694	1.08 (0.54, 2.16)	0.829	1.04 (0.51, 2.13)	0.913
Former smoker	1(Ref)	0.50 (0.28, 0.89)	0.018*	0.63 (0.36, 1.13)	0.122	0.42 (0.23, 0.74)	0.003*
Current smoker	1(Ref)	0.49 (0.19, 1.24)	0.133	0.74 (0.31, 1.78)	0.499	0.43 (0.13, 1.45)	0.173
Alcohol Consumption
None	1(Ref)	1.34 (0.45, 4.03)	0.601	2.82 (0.98, 8.09)	0.055	0.61 (0.19, 1.96)	0.403
Moderate	1(Ref)	0.90 (0.47, 1.71)	0.744	0.63 (0.33, 1.20)	0.157	0.73 (0.38, 1.38)	0.327
Heavy	1(Ref)	0.41 (0.20, 0.85)	0.016*	0.53 (0.26, 1.05)	0.069	0.45 (0.21, 0.96)	0.040*

*p < 0.05, Q: Quartile.

^aAdjusted for age, race, education level, marital status, PIR, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease except the subgroup variable.

Data availability statement

All data applied in this study can be searched on the NHANES website (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm), and more detailed analysis data can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author.