Contribution of body mass index, waist circumference, and 25-OH-D3 on the risk of pre-diabetes mellitus in the Chinese population

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of patients with pre-diabetes mellitus by HbA1c level.

Characteristics	Control N = 970 (HbA1c < 5.7)	Case N = 718 (HbA1c ≥ 5.7)	p
Age (years)	44.24 ± 12.87	53.62 ± 12.43	< 0.001^a
Gender (Male/Female)	324/646	292/426	0.003^b
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.19 ± 3.42	24.53 ± 3.78	< 0.001^a
WC (cm)	79.25 ± 9.78	83.94 ± 11.29	< 0.001^a
25-OH-D3 (ng/mL)	37.20 ± 10.93	38.31 ± 10.55	0.036^a
HbA1c (%)	5.24 ± 0.33	6.39 ± 1.18	< 0.001^a
OGTT-2hPG	6.66 ± 1.74	9.41 ± 4.33	< 0.001^a
FPG (mmol/L)	5.047 ± 0.55	6.14 ± 2.05	< 0.001^a
TG (mmol/L)	1.64 ± 1.18	2.30 ± 2.49	< 0.001^a
TC (mmol/L)	5.25 ± 1.04	5.65 ± 1.14	< 0.001^a
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.83 ± 0.80	3.11 ± 0.86	< 0.001^a
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.54 ± 0.40	1.46 ± 0.44	< 0.001^a
UA (mmol/ L)	347.09 ± 87.62	370.97 ± 90.31	< 0.001^a
Complications associated with diabetes	6/573/391	19/412/287
hypertension (yes/no/unavailable), n	93/769/108	78/290/350
hyperlipidemia (yes/no/unavailable), n	287/357/326	481/116/121
gout (yes/no/unavailable), n	22/137/811	14/49/655
hyperuricemia (yes/no/unavailable), n	0/66/904	1/20/697

p^a values are calculated from t-test, and p^b was obtained by x²-tests. p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Numbers in bold mean statistical significance.

BMI: body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; 25-OH-D3: 25- hydroxy-vitamin D3; OGTT-2hPG: oral glucose tolerance test-2 h postprandial glucose; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: uric acid.

Table 2. The spearman’s association analysis among indicators in pre-diabetes mellitus.

Variables	HbA1c		FPG		2hPG
	r	p	r	p	r	p
Gender	−0.063	0.009	−0.044	0.073	−0.058	0.019
Age	0.268	0.000	0.270	0.000	0.307	0.000
TG	0.165	0.000	0.142	0.000	0.181	0.000
TC	0.205	0.000	0.159	0.000	0.187	0.000
LDL-C	0.148	0.000	0.092	0.000	0.133	0.000
HDL-C	−0.065	0.008	−0.037	0.129	−0.078	0.001
UA	0.012	0.626	0.008	0.740	0.092	0.000
WC (cm)	0.283	< 0.001	0.247	< 0.001	0.305	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.226	< 0.001	0.225	< 0.001	0.284	< 0.001
25-OH-D3 (ng/mL)	0.072	0.003	0.154	< 0.001	0.055	0.026

p values were calculated by Spearman’s correlation analysis. p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Numbers in bold mean statistical significance.

WC: Waist circumference; BMI: body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; 2hPG: 2-h postprandial blood glucose.

Table 3. Risk factors for pre-diabetes mellitus by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Variables	B	S.E	Wald	OR (95% CI)	p
HbA1c
Gender	0.312	0.102	9.376	1.37 (1.12–1.67)	0.002
Age	0.057	0.004	179.208	1.06 (0.99–1.07)	0.052
TG	0.332	0.047	50.081	1.39 (1.27–1.53)	< 0.001
TC	0.350	0.048	54.337	1.42 (1.29–1.56)	< 0.001
LDL-C	0.401	0.061	43.235	1.49 (1.33–1.68)	< 0.001
HDL-C	0.552	0.152	13.275	0.58 (0.43–0.78)	< 0.001
WC	0.046	0.005	73.894	1.05 (1.04–1.06)	< 0.001
BMI	0.107	0.015	51.737	1.11 (1.08–1.15)	< 0.001
25-OH-D3	0.010	0.005	4.364	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.037
FPG
Age	0.064	0.005	174.382	1.07 (0.86–1.96)	0.128
TG	0.145	0.035	17.438	1.16 (1.08–1.24)	< 0.001
TC	0.264	0.049	28.755	1.30 (1.18–1.44)	< 0.001
LDL-C	0.255	0.064	15.800	1.29 (1.14–1.47)	< 0.001
WC	0.039	0.006	47.561	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	< 0.001
BMI	0.088	0.015	34.387	1.09 (1.06–1.13)	< 0.001
25-OH-D3	0.021	0.005	17.787	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	< 0.001
2hPG
Gender	0.313	0.105	8.947	1.37 (1.11–1.68)	0.003
Age	0.051	0.004	139.612	1.05 (0.88–1.21)	0.236
TG	0.277	0.044	39.756	1.32 (0.99–1.14)	0.054
TC	0.265	0.047	31.088	1.30 (1.19–1.43)	< 0.001
LDL-C	0.259	0.061	17.819	1.30 (1.15–1.46)	< 0.001
HDL-C	0.535	0.158	11.403	0.59 (0.43–0.80)	0.001
UA	0.004	0.001	44.148	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	< 0.001
WC	0.051	0.006	82.405	1.05 (1.04–1.06)	< 0.001
BMI	0.107	0.015	50.697	1.11 (1.08–1.15)	< 0.001
25-OH-D3	0.008	0.005	3.201	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.044

p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Numbers in bold mean statistical significance.

S.E: standard error; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.

Figure 1. ROC curves for the factors associated with HbA1c (A), FPG (B), and 2hPG (C) in prediabetes. FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; 2hPG: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: uric acid; BMI: body mass index; WC: Waist circumference.

Table 4. The impact of indicators on pre-diabetes mellitus diagnosis.

	Variables	AUC (95% CI)	p	Youden index	Specificity (%)	Sensitivity (%)	Cut-off
HbA1c	Gender	0.534 (0.51–0.56)	0.018	0.069	66.880	39.971	0.436
	TC	0.610 (0.58–0.64)	< 0.001	0.164	65.282	51.163	5.38
	LDL-C	0.603 (0.58–0.63)	< 0.001	0.161	60.703	55.378	2.90
	HDL-C	0.571 (0.54–0.60)	< 0.001	0.107	41.960	68.750	1.50
	WC	0.635 (0.61–0.66)	< 0.001	0.201	54.7	65.4	80.500
	BMI	0.611 (0.58–0.64)	< 0.001	0.171	68.6	48.5	24.545
	25-OH-D3	0.539 (0.51–0.57)	0.006	0.076	57.5	50.1	37.500
FPG	TG	0.599 (0.57–0.63)	< 0.001	0.145	39.900	74.600	1.71
	TC	0.577 (0.55–0.61)	< 0.001	0.127	58.400	54.300	5.40
	LDL-C	0.559 (0.53–0.59)	< 0.001	0.103	57.400	52.900	3.10
	BMI	0.601 (0.57–0.63)	< 0.001	0.162	42.400	73.800	22.495
	WC	0.623 (0.59–0.65)	< 0.001	0.200	52.100	67.900	80.5
	25-OH-D3	0.569 (0.54–0.60)	< 0.001	0.115	66.700	44.800	37.5
2hPG	Gender	0.534 (0.51–0.56)	0.023	0.068	66.400	40.400	0.380
	TC	0.579 (0.55–0.61)	< 0.001	0.119	44.300	67.600	5.39
	LDL-C	0.566 (0.54–0.60)	< 0.001	0.107	59.300	51.400	3.00
	HDL-C	0.567 (0.54–0.60)	< 0.001	0.112	36.700	74.500	1.56
	UA	0.601 (0.57–0.63)	< 0.001	0.121	31.200	80.900	350.0
	BMI	0.624 (0.60–0.65)	< 0.001	0.191	40.700	78.400	22.65
	WC	0.651 (0.62–0.68)	< 0.001	0.229	55.000	67.900	80.5
	25-OH-D3	0.520 (0.49–0.55)	0.188	0.047	45.900	58.800	35.5

p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Numbers in bold mean statistical significance.

AUC: Area under the curve; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; WC: Waist circumference; BMI: body mass index.

Data availability statement

The datasets generated and/or analyzed in the current study cannot be made public due to the potential for subsequent analysis of the data but may be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.