Effect of Compounds Isolated from Natural Products on IFN-γ/LPS–Induced Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Figures & data

Scheme 1 Thirty-two phytochemicals screened in this study.

Table 1 The effect of 32 pure compounds isolated from Malaysian plants on NO production and cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.^a.

Compound	Plant name and authority	Family	Part used	Voucher specimen no.	Conc. (µM)	% Inhibition	% Cell viability
Anthraquinones
1 Alizarin-1-methylether	Morinda elliptica. Ridl.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	37.85	71.83
					25	35.21	75.75
					12.5	31.40	78.35
2 1,4-Dihydroxy-2,3- dimethoxylanthraquinone	Hedyotis herbacea. Bert. ex Schult	Rubiaceae	WP	SK 298/02	50	−21.73	53.28
					25	−14.86	83.76
					12.5	−13.94	86.86
3 2,3-Dimethoxy-9-hydroxy- 1,4-anthraquinone	Hedyotis herbacea. Bert. ex Schult	Rubiaceae	WP	SK 298/02	50	64.52	46.67
					25	14.65	76.39
					12.5	9.78	76.92
4 1-Hydroxy-2- methylanthraquinone	Morindab elliptica. Ridl.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	6.30	75.28
					25	5.65	86.81
					12.5	4.71	95.72
5 2-Hydroxymethyl-10- hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone	Hedyotis herbacea. Bert. ex Schult	Rubiaceae	WP	SK 298/02	50	77.41	11.66
					25	60.35	28.41
					12.5	60.19	29.41
6 Lucidin-ω.-methyl-ether	Morinda elliptica. Ridl.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	66.16	85.12
					25	31.09	87.47
					12.5	9.02	89.48
7 Morindone	Morinda elliptica. Ridl.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	−17.86	80.89
					25	−16.79	105.76
					12.5	−11.68	113.83
8 Morindone-5-methyl-ether	Morinda elliptica. Ridl.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	63.62	21.00
					25	61.24	59.97
					12.5	58.21	67.03
9 Nordamnacanthal	Morinda elliptica Ridl.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	17.60	82.02
					25	10.43	83.52
					12.5	10.03	98.08
10 Rubiadin	Morinda elliptica. Ridl.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	76.32	31.33
					25	74.25	34.98
					12.5	68.72	42.56
11 Rubiadin-1-methyl-ether	Morinda elliptica. Ridl.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	13.43	79.15
					25	12.57	86.91
					12.5	11.79	82.07
12 Soranjidiol	Morinda elliptica. Ridl.	Ruibaceae	RT	SK 299/02	50	29.84	90.77
					25	1.03	86.03
					12.5	0.92	82.07
Benzoquinone
13 Atrovirinone	Garcinia atroviridis. Griff. ex T. Anders	Guttiferae	RT	SK 297/02	50	114.24	28.05
					25	103.07	36.59
					12.5	100.19	89.41
Briflavonoids
14 Fukugiside	Garcinia atroviridis. Griff. ex T. Anders	Guttiferae	RT	SK 297/02	50	27.94	105.26
					25	23.14	105.10
					12.5	9.93	112.15
15 Morelloflavone	Garcinia atroviridis. Griff. ex T. Anders	Guttiferae	RT	SK 297/02	50	36.89	83.89
					25	14.68	84.55
					12.5	11.40	89.14
Chalcones
16 Cardamonin	Alpinia rafflesiana. Wall.	Zingiberaceae	FT	SK 286/02	50	106.03	103.55
					25	83.60	104.92
					12.5	63.21	116.90
17 Flavokawin B	Alpinia zerumbet. (Pers.) Burtt. et smith	Zingiberaceae	RH	SK 373/02	50	67.93	107.23
					25	52.59	108.12
					12.5	47.01	113.99
18 2′,3′,4′,6′,- Tetrahydroxychalcone	Alpinia rafflesiana. Wall.	zingiberaceae	FT	SK 286/02	50	46.73	69.82
					25	10.81	100.19
					12.5	9.68	106.46
Depsidone
19 Atrovirisidone	Garcinia atroviridis. Griff. ex T. Anders	Guttiferae	RT	SK 297/02	50	100.81	41.44
					25	16.66	71.12
					12.5	4.73	108.85
Flavanones
20 (-)-Pinocembrin	Alpinia rafflesiana. Wall.	Zingiberacea	FT	SK 286/02	50	8.54	102.73
					25	1.45	107.37
					12.5	0	112.37
21 (-)-Pinostrobin	Alpinia rafflesiana. Wall.	Zingiberaceae	FT	SK 286/02	50	40.39	103.80
					25	14.42	108.11
					12.5	4.22	111.32
Flavones
22 7,4′-dimethoxy-3-5- dihydrloxyflavone	Hedychium thyrsiforme. Sm.	Zingiberaceae	WP	SK 300/02	50	153.74	1.99
					25	147.67	2.29
					12.5	60.25	5.32
23 Ermanin	Hedychium thyrsiforme. Sm.	Zingiberaceae	WP	SK 300/02	50	118.71	1.22
					25	116.39	6.90
					12.5	106.32	9.24
24 3,5,7,4′- Tetramethoxyflavone	Hedychium thyrsiforme. Sm.	Zingiberaceae	WP	SK 300/02	50	135.38	5.18
					25	106.51	5.73
					12.5	51.57	25.27
25 5,7,4′-Trimethoxy-3- hydroxyflavone	Hedychium thyrsiforme. Sm.	Zingiberaceae	WP	SK 300/02	50	119.51	5.32
					25	109.59	6.28
					12.5	98.77	8.50
26 3,7,4′-Trimethoxy-5- hydroxyflavone	Hedychium thyrsiforme. Sm.	Zingiberaceae	WP	SK 300/02	50	130.31	11.46
					25	93.25	19.36
					12.5	58.44	19.49
Flavonol glycoside
27 Kaempferol 3-O.-rutinose	Hedyotis herbacea. Bert. ex Schult	Rubiaceae	WP	SK 298/02	50	12.26	76.55
					25	11.51	76.91
					12.5	11.49	77.79
Hydroquinone
28 4-Methyl- dihydroatrovirinone	Garcinia atroviridis. Griff. ex T. Anders	Guttiferae	RT	SK 297/02	50	109.76	5.52
					25	88.10	59.25
					12.5	42.46	72.85
Others
29 Asperuloside	Hedyotis diffusa. Spreng.	Rubiaceae	RT	SK 298/02	50	3.12	81.63
					25	1.35	79.50
					12.5	1.31	69.52
30 5,6-Dehydrokawain	Alpini zerumbet. (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith	Zingiberaceae	RH	SK 373/02	50	65.78	107.32
					25	26.69	112.36
					12.5	20.13	119.69
31 Stigmast-4-en-3-one	Etlingera elatior. (Jack) R.M. Sm.	Zingiberaceae	RH	SK 286/02	50	12.01	101.44
					25	10.01	112.52
					12.5	7.60	116.26
32 Zerumbone	Zingiber zerumbet.(L.) Sm	Zingiberaceae	RH	SK 295/02	50	98.94	78.24
					25	89.24	78.65
					12.5	68.87	97.64

Part used: RH, rhizome; FR, fruit; WP, whole plant; RT, root.

^a.All data are expressed as means in triplicates from single experiment (n = 1).

Figure 1 Structure of chalcone.

Figure 2 Structure of benzoquinone.