Assessment of in vitro. Antifungal Activities of Various Extracts of Indigenous Bahraini Medicinal Plants

Figures & data

Table 1.. Ethnobotanical data of medicinal plants used in antifungal assay.

Botanical name	Family	Local name	Life form	Parts used	Exract yield (%)^a.	Collection code^b.	Collection site	Popular uses
Heliotropium curassavicum. L.	Boraginaceae	Kharees	Herb	Leaves & stem	1.6	D E Q1 S	Adhari	Emetic, snake bite, laxative, diuretic
Emex spinosa. Campd.	Polygonaceae	Hammaidh	Herb	Leaves & stem	1.12	D E Q 2 C	Hamad Town	Purgative, diuretic, cure dyspepsia and biliousness
Frankenia pulverulenta. L.	Frankeniaceae	Mollaih	Herb	Leaves & stem	1.2	D E Q 3 S	Mugsha	Mucilaginous, demulcent
Cressa cretica. L.	Convolvulaceae	Nedewah	Herb	Leaves & stem	2.6	D E Q 4 S	Jid Hafs	Aphrodisiac, expectoroant, antibilous, aphrodisiac
Fagonia indica. Burm f.	Zygophyllaceae	Shuwaika	Shrub	Leaves & stem	2.73	D E Q 5 C	Jid Hafs	Astringent, prophylatic against small pox, febrifuge, snake bite
Cenchrus echinatusb. Torr.	Gramineae	Sabat	Grass	Leaves & stem	0.92	D E Q 6 C	Mugsha	Pectoral, diuretic
Convolvulus arvensis. L.	Convolvulaceae	Ollayg	Herb	Leaves & stem	2.91	D E Q 7 C	Mugsha	Purgative, cholagogic, antihemorrhagic, harnnorrhage
Pluchea ovalis. DC.	Compositae	NK^c.	Shrub	whole plant	2.2	D E Q 8 C	Adhari	Carminative, astringent, antipyretic, diaphorytic
Capparis spinosa. L.	Capparaceae	Fakauha	Shrub	Leaves, stem & fruit	6.13	D E Q 9 S	Adhari	Tonic, expectorant, anthelmintic, diuretic, depurative, vasoconstrictive
Tamarix arabica. Bung.	Tamaricaceae	Ethl	Shrub	Leaves	1.54	D E Q 10 S	Hamad Town	Astringent, antidiarrheic, diuretic

^a.Dry residue of the extract in terms of dry starting material.

^b.Collection codes are preceded by DEQ for Drs. Dawood, Al-Esawi, and Qaher and S for saline or C for cultivated.

^c.NK is not known.

Table 2.. In vitro. antifungal activity of crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of 10 Bahrain medicinal plants.

		Zone of inhibition diameter (mm)^b.
Plant species	Extract^a.	F. oxysporum.	A. niger.	A. flavus.	P. citrinum.	A. alternata.	C. albicans.	S. cerevisiae.
H. curassavicum.	EE	18.7±0.7	15.8±0.1	10.0±0.6	25.5±0.4	14.7±0.9	21.3±0.5	20.4±0.4
	AE			8.7±0.3		12.6±0.1
E. spinosa.	EE		11.4±0.0	8.2±0.8	10.1±0.2	12.2±0.4	18.0±0.0	16.6±0.6
	AE							11.1±0.1
F. pulverulenta.	EE	11.3±0.3	13.2±0.3	13.3±0.1	13.8±0.4	13.9±0.3		14.2±0.7
	AE
C. cretica.	EE	12.5±0.1	13.6±0.6	12.7±0.3	32.2±0.6	22.1±0.7	25.7±0.6
	AE		10.0±0.3		15.6±0.9
F. indica.	EE			12.0±0.0		11.1±0.0	13.1±0.1
	AE				9.3±0.1			12.7±0.3
C. echinatus.	EE	16.1±0.0	12.1±0.5	11.8±0.5		10.1±0.1
	AE				11.1±0.5
C. arvensis.	EE			13.0±0.5			10.0±0.0
	AE
P. ovalis.	EE	14.6±0.7	11.1±0.6	12.4±0.1	14.0±0.0		18.9±0.3	10.2±0.3
	AE				9.1±0.6
C. spinosa.	EE	12.7±0.4		12.1±0.3		9.6±0.3	13.2±0.6	11.2±0.1
	AE
T. arabica.	EE	11.9±0.1	12.1±0.2	13.1±0.8			13.7±0.2
	AE					8.2±0.6

^a.Extract: EE, ethanolic; AE, aqueous.

^b.Results are mean±SD (mm) of three replications.

Figure 1. Mean fungal inhibition zone (mm±SD) by each of the two plant habitat types for various solvents used against filamentous fungi and yeasts.

Table 3 In vitro. antifungal activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, and residue extracts of five Bahraini medicinal plants.

		Zone of inhibition diameter (mm)^b.
Plant species	Extract^a.	F. oxysporum.	A. niger.	A. flavus.	P. citrinum.	A. alternata.	C. albicans.	S. cervisiae.
H. curassavicum.	PE	13.7±0.4	12.0±0.0	15.2±0.6		14.6±0.6	15.5±0.7
	CE	12.8±0.9	9.7±0.1	8.8±0.3	19.9±0.3	19.1±0.4	18.3±0.2	21.0±0.0
	RE	13.1±0.2	9.1±0.4		17.2±0.8	14.4±0.9		11.6±0.8
E. spinosa.	PE	13.2±0.3	15.8±0.3	16.2±0.6	8.1±0.6	14.0±0.0	12.1±0.1
	CE	21.4±0.9	23.6±0.6	20.2±0.1	19.9±0.9	27.9±0.7	25.9±0.6	27.5±0.6
	RE	11.8±0.6	10.1±0.8		11.6±0.5	13.2±0.2	10.2±0.3
F. pulverulenta.	PE	14.7±0.1	9.1±0.2	14.0±0.3	15.0±0.0	12.0±0.0	10.0±0.0	16.6±0.4
	CE	11.1±0.1		10.8±0.2	10.6±0.3	11.1±0.2		13.6±0.2
	RE	10.9±4	11.7±0.8
F. indica.	PE	11.7±0.3	12.6±0.6		11.6±0.7	15.7±0.8	12.2±0.6	15.5±0.6
	CE	19.2±0.5	20.1±0.9	15.5±0.7	29.3±0.3	10.6±0.4	25.6±0.8
	RE		12.0±00	10.0±0.0				13.7±0.2
C. echinatus.	PE	8.8±0.8	13.3±0.3	12.6±0.1	16.0±0.1	12.9±0.8		12.0±0.1
	CE	17.1±0.6		20.1±0.3	16.8±0.3	18.7±0.6	19.9±0.9	18.6±0.3
	RE		14.4±0.9				11.1±0.4

^a.Extracts: PE, petroleum ether; CE, chloroform; RE, residue extracts.

^b.Results are mean±SD (mm) of three replications.

Figure 2.. Mean fungal inhibition zone (mm±SD) by each of the two plant habitat types against filamentous fungi and yeasts. EE, ethanolic extract; AE, aqueous extract; PE, petroleum ether extract; CE, chloroform extract; RE, residual extracts.