Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil of Perovskia atriplicifolia. from Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1.. Chemical composition of Perovskia atriplicifolia..

Retention time (RT)	Compounds	By hydrodistillation and GC-MS (%)
6.11	α.-Pinene	3.84
6.52	Camphene	3.76
7.21	β.-Pinene	0.57
7.56	β.-Myrcene	T
8.02	(E.)-β.-Cimene	4.00
8.57	Limonene	16.72
8.64	1,8-Cineole	T
9.30	δ.-Terpinene	0.33
10.40	Linalool	0.30
11.59	Camphor	28.91
12.22	Borneol	3.54
14.88	Bornyl acetate	2.07
16.29	Terpynil acetate	1.45
17.90	trans.-Caryophyllene	9.30
18.67	α.-Humulene	9.25
21.26	(−)-Caryophyllene oxide	0.74
21.51	α.-Globulol	10.21
22.43	T-Cadinol	1.07

T, trace (less than 0.1%).

Table 2.. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil.

	Zone of inhibition (mm)
Bacterial strains	Essential oil (15 µL/disk)	Penicillin (10 U/disk)	Tetracycline (30 µg/disk)	Cephotaxime (30 µg/disk)
B. cereus. NRRL B-3711	10	30	32	8
B. mycoides. NRRL B-4379	10	11	33	10
B. subtilis. NRRL B-209	14	31	36	26
M. luteus. NRRL B-1018	12	46	40	46
S. aureus. ATCC 25923	8	–	30	–
S. epidermidis. NRRL B-4268	9	18	28	26
S. faecium. NRRL B-3502	9	22	–	9
E. coli. ATCC 25922	7	–	30	32
E. aerogenes. NRRL B-3567	8	–	30	35
P. aeruginosa. ATCC 10145	–	–	16	–
Y. enterocolitica.	9	13	26	13
K. pneumoniae.	–	–	25	32

Fungal strains	Essential oil (15 µL/disk)	Amphotericin B (10 µg/disk)
C. albicans. NRRL Y-12983	14	13
A. niger. ATCC 10549	8	9
A. fumigatus. NRRL 163	9	–
A. flavus. NRRL 1957	10	8
A. parasiticus. NRRL 465	–	7
G. candidum.	10	8

–, No zone of inhibition.

Table 3.. Minimum inhibitory concentration (µL/mL) for the essential oil against bacterial strains.

Organisms	MIC (µL/mL)
Bacterial strains
B. cereus. NRRL B-3711	20
B. mycoides. NRRL B-4379	10
B. subtilis. NRRL B-209	10
M. luteus. NRRL B-1018	10
S. aureus. ATCC 25923	160
S. epidermidis. NRRL B-4268	20
S. faecium. NRRL B-3502	20
E. coli. ATCC 25922	640
E. aerogenes. NRRL B-3567	640
Y. enterocolitica.	10
Fungal strains
C. albicans. NRRL Y-12983	80
S. cerevisiae.	160
A. niger. ATCC 10549	160
A. fumigatus. NRRL 163	40
A. flavus. NRRL 1957	80
A. parasiticus. NRRL 465	640
G. candidum.	320

Table 4.. Mutagenic and antimutagenic activity data of the essential oil in Salmonella. plate incorporation test using TA98 and TA100 with or without S9.

Dose level (µL/plate)	TA98	TA100
Absence of S9 fraction
Revertant	26.7±5.1	170.3±22.8
0.1	30.3±5.8	141.3±29.7
0.2	23.8±3.7	108.2±12.1
0.3	17.2±2.8	106.5±17.7
Daunomycin	233.0±46.9
NaN3		606.2±116.0
0.1 + Dau	167.8±33.2	–
0.2 + Dau	112.8±29.1	–
0.3 + Dau	85.5±25.3	–
Daunomycin	233.0±46.9	–
0.1 + NaN3	–	515.5±77.7
0.2 + NaN3	–	484.2±119.9
0.3 + NaN3	–	504.2±153.5**
NaN3	–	606.2±116.6**
Presence of S9 fraction
Revertant	61.6±11.0	177.4±27.8
0.1	55.2±8.8	126.1±8.3
0.2	49.9±5.7	120.1±19.8
0.3	49.5±9.6	104.8±20.0
0.1 + 2-AF	1097.3±101.0	628.6±148.3
0.2 + 2-AF	801.2±98.2	500.2±100.4
0.3 + 2-AF	853.7±104.2	184.2±51.5
2-aminofluorene	1544.8±365.5	664.0±122.9

Mean±standard deviation of six plates without (− S9), and of ten plates with (+ S9). Daunomycin (6 µg/plate) for TA98-S9 and sodium azide (1.5 µg/plate) positive control for TA100-S9; 2-aminofluorene (10 µg/plate) positive control for both TA98 and TA100 + S9.

*Statistically different groups from their positive control groups (p < 0.05) for Games-Howell test.

**Statistically different groups from their positive control groups (p < 0.05) for LSD test.

Figure 1 Inhibitory effect of Perovskia atriplicifolia. essential oil against the mutagenicity of daunomycin (6 µg/plate), sodium azide (1.5 µg/plate), 2-aminofluorene (10 µg/plate) to S. typhimurium. TA98 and TA100 with and without S9 fraction.