Evaluation of Some Plants Used in Turkish Folk Medicine for Their Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities

Figures & data

Table 1.. Traditional use of plant materials in Turkish folk medicine.

Plant name	Family	Local name	Part used	Traditional use (Lit.)
Anchusa azurea. Miller var. azurea.	Boraginaceae	—	LF FL	Diuretic, diaphoretic (Baytop, 1999)
Arceuthobium oxycedri. (DC.) Bieb.	Loranthaceae	Parda burcu, çakirga burcu, ardiç burcu, andiz burcu, andiz güvelegi	HB	To treat hemorrhoids (Yesilada et al., 1995), as panacea for bronchitis, coughs, and internal diseases, for hemorrhoids, common cold (Honda et al., 1996), for abdominal pain and bronchitis (Fujita et al., 1995)
Calluna vulgaris. L.	Ericaceae	—	HB	Diuretic, urinary antiseptic (Baytop, 1999), diaphoretic, expectorant, antirheumatic, for treatment of gout (Kumarasamy et al., 2002)
Daphne oleoides. Schreber	Thymeleaceae	Ezenteri, ezanteri	LF HB	(Ext) To treat rheumatism, boiled, + barley flour, poultice, applied on joints. (Ext) To treat lumbago, aerial parts are cooked with butter and applied on the back side of the body to gather inflammation. Then this inflammation was removed by surgical operation (Yesilada et al., 1995).
Isatis glauca.Aucherx Boiss. subsp. glauca.	Brassicaceae	Çivitotu	HB	Wound healing, against constipation (Baytop, 1999)
Laurus nobilis. L.	Lauraceae	Defne	SD	Against rheumatic pain (Yesilada et al., 1993)
Prunella vulgaris. L.	Lamiaceae	—	HB	Against rheumatism, colds, cardiac disorders (Yesilada et al., 1993)
Ranunculus tricophyllus. Chaix	Ranunculaceae	Basurotu	HB	Against constipation, wound healing (Baytop, 1999)
Rumex crispus. L.	Polygonaceae	Ilabada	LF RT	(Int) To treat headache, powdered and taken orally. (Ext) To promote maturation abscess, for wound healing, fresh, heated on fire (Yesilada et al., 1995).
Scabiosa rotata. Bieb.	Dipsacaceae	Mayaotu, gicikotu, uyuzotu, kavurtotu	HB	Against constipation, wound healing (Baytop, 1999)
Tamus communis. L.	Dioscoreaceae	Kedikuyrugu	FR RT	(Ext) To treat rheumatism, pounded (Yesilada et al., 1995)

LF, leaves; HB, herb, FL, flowers; FR, fruits; RT, roots; SD, seeds; Ext, externally; Int, internally.

Table 2.. The collected plant parts, collection sites during collection, and percentage yields of EtOH and H₂O extracts.

Plant name	Collected parts	Collection sites	Herbarium numbers	EtOH extract (w/w, %)	H2O extract (w/w, %)
Anchusa azurea. Miller var. azurea.	Herb	Ankara, Kurtbogazi po	GUE 2332	6.9	7.1
Arceuthobium oxycedri. (DC.) Bieb.	Whole plant	Kastamonu, Kuzey mahallesi	GUE 2322	14.9	10.8
Calluna vulgaris. L.	Herb	Trabzon, Sürmene, Çamburnu vicinity	GUE 2213	57.7	34.5
Daphne oleoides. Schreber	Herb	Çankırı, Ilgaz, Rock tombs	GUE 2344	23.8	11.9
Isatis glauca. Aucherx Boiss. subsp. glauca.	Herb	Ankara, Gölbasi	GUE 2333	15.3	19.7
Laurus nobilis. L.	leaf	Antalya, Lara	GUE 2345	7.9	6.8
	Seed			20.9	15.3
Prunella vulgaris. L.	Herb	Ankara, Kurtbogazi pond	GUE 2346	4.4	14.6
Ranunculus tricophyllus.	Herb	Ankara, Sariyer dam	GUE 2193	75.5	44.7
Rumex crispus. L.	Herb	Ankara, Kizilcahamam, Güvem village	GUE 2330	9.6	8.6
Scabiosa rotata. Bieb.	Herb	Ankara, Kurtbogazi pond	GUE 2329	13.4	12.9
Tamus communis. L.	Root	Aydin, Kusadasi, Davutlar village	GUE 2343	7.6	19.8
	Herb			41.5	24.1

Table 3.. Effect of the materials against p.-benzoquinone–induced writhings in mice.

Material	Part used	Extract type	Dose (mg/kg)	Number of writhings±SEM	Inhibitory ratio (%)	Ratio of ulceration
Control				53.8±5.9		0/6
Isatis glauca. subsp. glauca.	AE	W	250	51.1±5.4	5.0	0/6
		W	500	46.7±4.3	13.2	0/6
		E	250	43.4±4.3	19.3	0/6
		E	500	33.8±4.0	37.2**	0/6
Rumex crispus.	AE	W	250	64.2±5.2	—	0/6
		W	500	50.4±3.9	6.3	3/6
		E	250	47.9±4.7	10.9	0/6
		E	500	39.7±3.7	26.2	1/6
Anchusa azurea. var. azurea.	AE	W	250	50.1±5.2	6.9	0/6
		W	500	43.9±5.7	18.4	0/6
		E	250	48.9±6.8	9.1	0/6
		E	500	43.2±3.9	19.7	0/6
Prunella vulgaris.	AE	W	250	60.8±4.9	—	0/6
		W	500	49.3±5.8	8.4	0/6
		E	250	46.5±4.4	13.6	0/6
		E	500	42.3±2.5	21.4	0/6
Daphne oleoides.	AE	W	250	58.5±5.3	—	0/6
		W	500	50.1±6.5	6.9	0/6
		E	250	48.6±4.2	9.7	0/6
		E	500	39.8±2.8	26.0	1/6
Scabiosa rotata.	AE	W	250	52.2±6.8	2.9	0/6
		W	500	48.1±4.1	10.6	0/6
		E	250	46.9±4.3	12.8	0/6
		E	500	39.3±3.9	26.9	1/6
Arceuthobium oxycedri.	Whole plant	W	250	46.9±3.8	12.8	0/6
		W	500	35.4±4.4	34.2*	0/6
		E	250	38.4±3.1	28.6*	0/6
		E	500	32.3±3.3	39.9**	0/6
Calluna vulgaris.	AE	W	250	58.5±4.8	—	0/6
		W	500	46.9±6.0	12.8	0/6
		E	250	33.4±3.9	37.9**	0/6
		E	500	28.5±2.2	47.0***	0/6
Ranunculus tricophyllus.	AE	W	250	59.8±4.5	—	0/6
		W	500	46.6±4.3	13.4	0/6
		E	250	40.6±3.1	24.5	0/6
		E	500	38.8±3.9	27.9	0/6
Tamus communis.	AE	W	250	59.4±8.5	—	0/6
		W	500	51.7±7.3	3.9	0/6
		E	250	52.4±6.6	—	0/6
		E	500	57.0±6.3	—	0/6
Tamus communis.	RT	W	250	50.7±5.5	5.8	0/6
		W	500	49.2±7.2	8.6	0/6
		E	250	46.6±6.5	13.4	0/6
		E	500	43.9±7.9	18.4	0/6
Laurus nobilis.	LF	W	250	54.6±7.7	—	0/6
		W	500	44.2±5.5	17.8	0/6
		E	250	56.1±7.8	—	0/6
		E	500	49.2±8.2	8.6	0/6
Laurus nobilis.	SD	W	250	50.3±4.9	6.5	0/6
		W	500	42.7±5.0	20.6	0/6
		E	250	40.7±4.7	24.3	0/6
		E	500	35.5±3.3	34.0**	0/6
ASA			100	27.5±3.6	48.8**	3/6
			200	24.8±3.6	53.9***	5/6

AE, aerial parts; E, ethanol extract; LF, leaves; RT, roots, SD, seeds; W, water extract.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 4.. Effects of the extracts against carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice.

				Swelling thickness (× 10^−2 mm)±SEM (% inhibition)
Material	Part used	Extract type	Dose (mg/kg)	90 min	180 min	270 min	360 min
Control				45.0±6.0	50.2±5.7	57.7±6.2	64.0±5.8
Isatis glauca. subsp. glauca.	AE	W	250	50.7±5.8	52.7±6.4	58.7±6.9	61.7±6.1 (3.6)
		W	500	44.5±6.3	48.0±6.1 (4.4)	51.5±6.2 (10.7)	52.8±4.9 (17.5)
		E	250	47.0±4.9	49.7±5.3	55.6±5.8 (3.6)	57.8±4.3 (9.7)
		E	500	33.9±3.7 (24.7)	38.2±3.8 (23.9)	41.8±4.3 (27.6)	46.2±4.1 (27.8)
Rumex crispus.	AE	W	250	53.3±5.5	54.6±6.9	60.9±7.9	62.9±9.1
		W	500	46.8±7.3	49.7±7.5	51.8±6.9 (10.3)	54.7±6.8 (14.5)
		E	250	42.8±4.4 (4.9)	47.5±4.5 (5.4)	54.1±4.7 (6.2)	60.2±4.9 (5.9)
		E	500	38.3±4.0 (14.9)	42.8±4.1 (14.7)	47.3±4.3 (18.0)	51.7±4.6 (19.2)
Anchusa azurea. var. azurea.	AE	W	250	50.4±7.4	53.1±7.8	58.9±9.5	61.5±9.5 (3.9)
		W	500	47.7±4.8	50.3±4.8	50.5±5.2 (12.5)	53.7±5.1 (16.1)
		E	250	48.4±4.8	52.9±4.8	57.9±4.9	62.4±4.9 (2.5)
		E	500	42.5±4.2 (5.6)	47.9±4.6 (4.6)	52.9±4.9 (8.3)	58.6±4.9 (8.4)
Prunella vulgaris.	AE	W	250	49.8±3.9	54.0±4.2	61.8±4.8	69.2±5.1
		W	500	50.3±4.3	55.0±4.3	58.7±4.0	63.3±3.6
		E	250	44.4±5.1	57.2±5.4	53.8±6.1 (6.8)	58.5±5.9 (8.6)
		E	500	37.9±3.2 (15.8)	42.6±3.6 (15.1)	49.4±3.9 (14.4)	52.7±3.9 (17.7)
Daphne oleoides.	AE	W	250	57.5±5.1	61.7±5.1	68.3±5.32	74.2±5.8
		W	500	46.3±5.2	49.2±5.6	50.7±4.99 (12.1)	52.8±5.5 (17.5)
		E	250	45.6±5.1	48.6±5.6 (3.2)	51.9±6.1 (10.1)	55.2±5.5(13.8)
		E	500	35.2±4.5 (21.8)	39.8±4.7 (20.7)	45.6±5.0 (20.9)	50.0±4.9 (21.9)
Scabiosa rotata.	AE	W	250	55.3±5.6	59.5±5.4	63.7±5.2	67.5±5.2
		W	500	46.5±5.0	49.3±4.9	51.5±4.5 (10.7)	54.7±4.5 (14.5)
		E	250	43.9±3.7 (2.4)	44.9±4.7 (10.6)	54.1±3.9 (6.2)	59.1±3.5 (7.7)
		E	500	37.8±5.3 (16.0)	41.5±5.1 (17.3)	46.8±5.7 (18.9)	49.5±5.1 (22.7)
Arceuthobium oxycedri.	Herba	W	250	50.8±5.0	54.8±4.9	58.3±5.0	61.0±4.7 (4.7)
		W	500	35.5.±4.7 (21.1)	38.2±4.4 (23.9)	42.2±3.7 (26.9)*	44.5±4.2 (30.5)*
		E	250	39.5±5.3 (12.2)	40.2±5.9 (19.9)	45.5±6.8 (21.2)	48.7±7.0 (23.9)
		E	500	31.4±3.2 (30.2)*	35.7±3.3 (28.9)*	39.5±3.8 (31.5)*	42.1±3.4 (34.2)*
Calluna vulgaris.	AE	W	250	48.3±6.9	54.2±5.5	58.7±5.1	64.0±5.4
		W	500	37.8±5.7 (16.0)	41.8±5.7 (16.7)	45.0±5.7 (22.0)	48.7±5.5 (23.9)
		E	250	37.5±3.6 (16.7)	41.3±3.8 (17.7)	47.3±4.3 (18.0)	48.8±4.2 (23.8)
		E	500	29.6±2.8 (34.2)*	32.9±2.9 (34.5)*	35.7±2.5 (38.1)*	39.4±2.4 (38.4)**
Ranunculus tricophyllus.	AE	W	250	50.8±5.9	54.7±6.2	58.7±5.6	62.7±6.2 (2.0)
		W	500	38.2±5.5 (15.1)	41.8±5.4 (16.7)	44.2±6.5 (23.4)	49.2±6.2 (23.1)
		E	250	37.5±3.3 (16.7)	39.9±3.2 (20.5)	44.7±3.6 (22.5)	50.2±3.3 (21.6)
		E	500	39.5±5.4 (12.2)	43.2±5.2 (13.9)	47.6±5.6 (17.5)	49.2±5.6 (23.1)
Tamus communis.	AE	W	250	51.7±5.5	55.2±5.0	59.9±5.6	63.8±5.2
		W	500	49.9±3.9	53.2±3.9	58.4±4.5	64.7±4.6
		E	250	49.9±3.8	53.0±3.3	58.2±3.5	63.7±3.0
		E	500	50.9±3.3	54.5±3.1	59.4±3.6	64.8±3.6
Tamus communis.	RT	W	250	48.9±6.8	53.4±6.0	58.5±6.8	65.3±6.7
		W	500	43.5±4.9 (3.3)	47.7±4.5 (4.9)	52.8±5.1 (8.5)	57.8±6.4 (9.7)
		E	250	44.9±3.6	48.5±3.4 (3.4)	52.9±3.9 (8.3)	58.3±3.9 (8.9)
		E	500	46.4±4.4	50.2±4.0	54.6±4.3 (5.4)	57.3±4.7 (10.5)
Laurus nobilis.	LF	W	250	52.9±4.4	57.0±3.9	62.1±4.5	67.1±3.7
		W	500	40.2±4.2 (10.7)	43.5±3.8 (13.3)	48.8±4.5 (15.4)	53.2±4.1 (16.9)
		E	250	42.4±3.9 (5.8)	46.9±3.6 (6.6)	52.1±4.1 (9.7)	58.1±3.7 (9.2)
		E	500	47.9±4.7	50.7±4.0	55.5±4.8 (3.8)	60.2±4.5 (5.9)
Laurus nobilis.	SD	W	250	44.5±5.6	48.7±4.9 (2.9)	53.8±5.5 (6.8)	58.3±5.3 (8.9)
		W	500	38.7±4.1 (14.0)	42.5±3.7 (15.3)	47.8±3.5 (17.2)	52.4±3.0 (18.1)
		E	250	35.9±4.0 (20.2)	38.2±3.5 (23.9)	43.4±3.5 (24.8)	49.2±3.1 (23.1)
		E	500	31.9±3.4 (29.1)*	34.6±3.0 (31.1)*	40.5±3.2 (29.8)*	40.1±3.6 (37.3)**
Indomethacin			10	29.5±3.5 (34.4)*	30.3±3.3 (39.6)**	35.0±2.7 (39.3)***	38.3±3.9 (40.2)***

AE, aerial parts; E, ethanol extract; LF, leaves; RT, roots, SD, seeds; W, water extract.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

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