Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive, and Neuropharmacological Activities of Clerodendron viscosum.

Figures & data

Table 1.. Results of chemical group tests.

Chemical group	Test solution	Observation	Inference
Alkaloids	0.1 mL Mayer's reagent	Yellowish buff–colored precipitate was obtained	Alkaloids were present
	0.1 mL Dragendorff's reagent	Orange-brown precipitate was observed
	0.1 mL iodine solution (Wagner's reagent)	Reddish-brown precipitate was obtained
	0.1 mL picric acid solution (Hager's reagent)	Yellowish precipitate was obtained
Steroids	2 mL Libermann-Burchard reagent	Reddish-purple color was obtained
	1 mL sulfuric acid	Chloroform layer acquired reddish-brown color and acid layer showed green fluorescence	Steroids were present
Flavonoids	(a) 1 mL dilute ammonia solution	Greenish-yellow color was obtained	Flavonoids were present
	(b) 1 mL dilute sodium carbonate solution	Pale-yellow color was obtained
	(c) 1 mL dilute sodium hydroxide solution	Yellow color was obtained
Saponins	Shaken in a graduated cylinder for 15 min	One centimeter layer of foam	Saponins were present
Reducing sugars	5 mL Fehling's solution	Brick red–colored precipitate	Reducing sugars were present
	5 mL Benedict's reagent	Brick red–colored precipitate
	2 drops of 5% α-naphthol solution and 1 mL sulfuric acid	Violet-colored ring was formed at the junction of two liquids
Tannins	1 mL 5% ferric chloride solution	Greenish-black precipitate	Tannins were present
	1 ml 10% lead acetate solution	Yellow precipitate
	1 mL 10% potassium dichromate solution	Yellowish-brown precipitate
	1 mL aqueous bromine solution	Brown precipitate
Gums	Molish reagent and sulfuric acid	Red-violet ring was produced at the junction of two liquids	Gums were present
Amino acids	Ninhydrin; pH adjusted between 4 and 8	Purple color was not obtained	Amino acids were absent

Table 2.. Effect of methanol extract of C. viscosum. on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.

	Time after carrageenan injection
	1 h	2 h	3 h	4 h	5 h
Animal group/treatment	Increase in paw edema volume (mL) × 1000 ± SEM
Control (1% Tween-80) 10 mL/kg, p.o.	137.00 ± 0.70	164.50 ± 1.02	244.50 ± 0.85	272.00 ± 0.65	231.00 ± 0.97
Positive control Phenylbutazone 100 mg/kg, p.o.	96.30 ± 0.78**	100.50 ± 0.99***	119.20 ± 1.25***	183.00 ± 1.06**	146.75 ± 0.88**
Test group 1 Methanol extract 200 mg/kg, p.o.	114.20 ± 1.25	128.70 ± 1.57	174.40 ± 0.88**	222.00 ± 0.68	183.80 ± 0.86*
Test group 2 Methanol extract 400 mg/kg, p.o.	100.40 ± 1.06	113.30 ± 0.89**	144.30 ± 0.97***	200.80 ± 1.65**	163.60 ± 1.05**

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6); *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs. control.

Table 3.. Effect of methanol extract of C. viscosum. on acetic acid–induced writhing in mice.

Animal Group/treatment	Number of writhes (% writhing)	Inhibition (%)
Control 1% Tween-80 in water 10 mL/kg, p.o.	16.40 ± 0.75 (100)	—
Positive control Diclofenac sodium 25 mg/kg, p.o.	5.80 ± 1.01* (35.36)	64.64
Test group 1 Methanol extract 250 mg/kg, p.o.	8.30 ± 0.65* (50.60)	49.40
Test group 2 Methanol extract 500 mg/kg, p.o.	6.30 ± 0.63* (38.41)	61.59

Table 4.. Effect of C. viscosum. on pentobarbital-induced hypnosis.

Animal group	Treatment	Total sleeping time (min)
I (Control)	0.1% Tween-80 solution 10 mL/kg	19.90 ± 2.01
II (Test group 1)	Methanol extract 250 mg/kg	37.00 ± 2.39
III (Test group 2)	Methanol extract 500 mg/kg	67.50 ± 7.93

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7); *p < 0.001 vs. control.

Table 5.. Effect of C. viscosum. on exploratory behavior in mice.

	Response at
Group	0 min	30 min	60 min	120 min	240 min
Effect on open field test
I (Control)	86.28 ± 2.11	93.71 ± 1.82	97.57 ± 1.92	104.14 ± 1.42	107.85 ± 1.48
II (Methanol extract) 250 mg/kg	85.85 ± 1.68	79.57 ± 1.25	72.28 ± 1.44	64.57 ± 1.88	61.71 ± 3.32
III (Methanol extract) 500 mg/kg	85.85 ± 2.02	70 ± 2.59	57 ± 2.99	46.42 ± 3.06	42.57 ± 3.48
Effect on hole-cross test
I (Control)	8.42 ± 0.65	9.85 ± 0.46	10 ± 0.49	9.28 ± 0.68	8.42 ± 0.65
II (Methanol extract) 250 mg/kg	7.28 ± 0.68	6.14 ± 0.40	5.0 ± 0.44	3.42 ± 0.37	2.0 ± 0.31
III (Methanol extract) 500 mg/kg	8.43 ± 0.64	6.0 ± 0.49	3.86 ± 0.26	2.14 ± 0.26	1.28 ± 0.18
Effect on hole-board test (head dipping)
I (Control)	14.42 ± 0.65	20.14 ± 1.10	21.57 ± 1.06	19.85 ± 0.59	15.0 ± 0.81
II (Methanol extract) 250 mg/kg	14.0 ± 0.53	12.28 ± 0.36	10.42 ± 0.52	8.425 ± 0.42	5.0 ± 0.41
III (Methanol extract) 500 mg/kg	14.28 ± 0.81	10.85 ± 0.59	8.14 ± 0.74	5.28 ± 0.68	2.85 ± 0.51

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7); *p < 0.001 vs. control.