Investigation of antimicrobial and protease-inhibitory activity from cultured cyanobacteria

Figures & data

Table 1.  Concentration (mM) of major nutrients in media.

Nutrient	Allen	BG-12	DY-V	ES	f/2	Z	Z45
C (CO3)	0.189	0.189	-	-	-	0.189	-
N (NO3)	17.6	17.6^*	0.235	0.199	0.883	5.74	5.74
N (NH4)	-	-	-	0.060	-	0.002	0.002
P (PO4)	0.215	0.175	0.071	0.022	0.036	0.399	5.74

*Nutrient absent in BG-12₀ modification of this medium.

Table 2.  Full list of strains investigated and associated biological activity.

Scientific Name	Source^1	Medium	Assay^2
			PR^3	PL^3	CL^3	AX^4	TB^4	BS^5
Order Chroococcales
Aphanocapsa sp.	I 10009	Z	-	-	-	-	-	-
Aphanothece sp.	C 2529	f/2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Chamaesiphon sp.	U 2347	Allen	1.0	-	-	-	-	-
Chroococcus sp.	C 2128	DY-V	15.4	-	-	-	-	-
Enthophysalis cf. sp.	C 2136	DY-V	-	-	-	-	-	-
Eucapsis sp.	U 1519	Z45	30.0	-	-	-	-	-
Gloeocapsa sp.	U EE 3	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Synechococcus cf. elongates	C 1629	f/2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Synechocystis nigrescens (nom. prov. R.A. Lewin)	U 2587	ES	-	-	-	-	-	-
Synechocystis sp.	I 10006	Z	-	-	-	-	-	-
Synechocystis sp.	I 10010	Z	28.3	-	-	-	-	-
Order Pleurocapsales
Dermocarpa violacea Crouan	U 1635	ES		-	-	-	-	-
Pleurocapsa fuliginosa Thuret in Hauck	U 2555	ES		-	-	-	-	-
Order Oscillatoriales
Arthrospira fusiformis Vouk	U 2720	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Arthrospira platensis (Oerst.) Geitler	C 1295	f/2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Geitlerinema carotinosum (Geitler) Anagnostidis	C 2534	f/2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lyngbya aestuarii (Mert.) Liebmann	U 2515	ES	-	-	-	-	-	100 %
Lyngbya aestuarii Gomont	C 473	f/2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lyngbya lagerheimii (Möb.) Gom.	U 2574	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lyngbya sp.	U 2516	ES	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lyngbya sp.	C 2520	f/2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lyngbya spiralis Geitler	U 1831	Z45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Microcoleus vaginatus var. cyano-viridis Baker & Bold	U 1815	Z45	68.2	-	-	-	-	-
Microcoleus cf. sp.	C 1184	1184	-	-	-	-	-	-
Oscillatoria amoena (Kütz.) Gom.	U 1306	Z45	46.3	-	-	-	-	-
Oscillatoria brevis (Kütz.) Gom.	U 1567	Z45	0.1	-	-	-	-	-
Oscillatoria sp.	C 1519	f/2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Oscillatoria tenuis Ag.	U 1566	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Phormidium tenue (Agardh ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komarek	C 1231	f/2	-	-	-	-	-	-
Phormidium autumnale (Ag.) Gom.	U 1580	ES	-	-	-	-	-	-
Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komarek	C 600	DY-V	-	-	-	-	-	-
Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komarek	C 601	DY-V	-	-	-	-	-	-
Plectonema boryanum Gom.	U 596	Z45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Plectonema sp.	U 1541	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) Gom.	U 1817	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Schizothrix calcicola var. radiata Baker & Bold	U 1819	DY-V	-	-	-	-	-	-
Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) Gom.	U 2245	DY-V	-	-	-	-	-	-
Symploca sp.	I 10001	Z	-	-	-	-	-	-
Order Nostocales
Anabaena sp.	C 2066	DY-V	-	-	-	-	-	-
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs	U 2384	Z45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Calothrix anomala Mitra	U 1319	Z45	0.1	-	-	-	-	-
Calothrix parietina Thur.	U 1952	Z45	5.9	-	-	-	-	-
Cylindorspermopsis raciborskii (Wolosz.)	C 1973	DY-V	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cylindrospermum licheniforme Kütz.	U 2014	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Fremyella diplosiphon (Gom.) Drouet	U 481	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Gloeotrichia ghosi Singh	U 1920	Z45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Gloeotrichia sp.	U 583	Z	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nodularia harveyana (Thw.) Thuret	U 2093	Z45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nodularia spumigena (Mertens in Juergens) Born.& Flah.	U 2092	Allen	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nostoc commune Vaucher	U 1621	Z45	0.3	-	-	-	-	-
Nostoc edaphicum Kondrat’eva	U 2492	Z45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nostoc foliaceum Moug.	U 1624	Z45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nostoc muscorum Ag.	U 2301	Allen	-	-	10.0	3.1	< 100	-
Nostoc muscorum Ag.	U 1933	ES	-	-	-	-	-	-
Scytonema hofmanni Ag.	U 1834	Z45	15.1	-	-	25	-	-
Scytonema sp.	U 2588	ES	-	-	-	-	-	-
Spririrestis rafaelensis (Flechtner nom. nud.)	U 2660	Z45	-	-	-	-	-	-
Tolypothrix sp.	C 1185	DY-V	-	80	6.0	100	-	-
Tolypothrix sp.	C 2147	DY-V	0.2	-	-	-	-	90 %
Order Stigonematales
Fischerella ambigua (Näg.) Gom.	U 1903	Allen	-	-	10.0	6.3	2.7	90 %
Hapalosiphon welwitschii W. & G.S. West	U 1830	Z45	-	-	-	50	-	-

¹ Source abbreviations: C, Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton; U, Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Texas at Austin; I, Isolated by authors at University of Illinois at Chicago.

² Assay abbreviations: PR, 20S Proteasome; AX, Bacillus anthracis; TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; PL, SARS-CoV PLpro; CL, SARS-CoV 3CLpro; BS, Brine shrimp.

³ IC₅₀ value reported in μg/ml, minus sign (−) denotes IC₅₀ values greater than 100 μg/ml,values in bold denote significant activity ≤ 10 μg/ml.

⁴ MIC value reported in μg/ml, minus sign (−) denotes MIC values greater than 100 μg/ml, values in bold denote significant activity ≤ 50 μg/ml.

⁵ Lethality rate at 100 μg/ml, minus sign (−) denotes lethality ≤ 10%.

Table 3.  Summary of strains investigated.

Order	Freshwater/terrestrial	Marine	Total
Chroococcales	8	3	11
Pleurocapsales	0	2	2
Oscillatoriales	16	9	25
Nostocales	19	2	21
Stigonematales	2	0	2
Total	45	16	61

Table 4.  Strains isolated by authors.

Strain ID	Genus	Collection Site
10001	Symploca	Forest Ave., Downers Grove, IL
10006	Synechocystis	Wood St., Chicago, IL
10009	Aphanocapsa	Harbor at Menominee, MI
10010	Synechocystis	UIC Field Station, Downers Grove, IL