Screening antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Gracilaria changii

Figures & data

Table 1.  Antimicrobial activities^a of various extracts^b of Gracilaria changii.

Microorganism	ME	DEE	EAE	CME	BE	C	M
Bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus	++	++	++	++	++	+++	ND
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	++	++	++	++	++	+++	ND
Proteus mirabilis	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Escherichia coli	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Serratia marcescens	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Klebisella pneumoniae	+	+	+	+	++	+++	ND
Acinetobacter anitratus	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Salmonella paratyphyi B	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Bacillus licheniformis	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Micrococcus sp.	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Staphylococcus epidermidis	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Citrobacter preundii	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Erwinia enterocolitica	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Salmonella typhi	++	++	++	++	+	+++	ND
Burkholderia pseudomallei	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Bacillus subtilis	++	++	++	++	+	+++	ND
Erwinia sp.	–	–	–	–	+	+++	ND
Bacillus cereus	++	++	++	++	–	+++	ND
Enterobacter aerogenes	–	–	–	–	–	+++	ND
Yeasts
Candida albicans strain 1	++	++	++	++	++	ND	+++
Candida albicans strain 2	++	++	++	++	++	ND	+++
Candida albicans strain 3	++	++	++	++	++	ND	+++
Rhodotorula rubra	++	++	++	++	+	ND	+++
Cryptococcus neoformans	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Fungi
Trichoderma viride	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Rhizophus sp.	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Mucor sp.	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Penicillium sp.	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Fusarium sp.	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Trichophyton rubrum	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Microsporum canis	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Trichophyton mentagrophytes	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Fusarium oxysporium	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Aspergillus niger	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++
Aspergillus flavus	–	–	–	–	–	ND	+++

^aActivity is classified according to the diameter of the inhibition zone around the point of application of the sample (+++, ≥15 mm; ++, 10–14 mm; +, ≤9 mm; –, no activity; ND=not done). ^bME=methanol extract, MCE=methanol–chloroform extract, DEE=diethyl ether extract, EAE=ethyl acetate extract, BE=butanol extract, C=chloramphenicol, M=miconazole nitrate.

Table 2.  Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/mL) of various extracts^a of Gracilaria changii.

Microorganism	ME	DEE	EAE	CME	BE
Bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	6.25	6.25	6.25	6.25	6.25
Proteus mirabilis	–	–	–	–	–
Escherichia coli	–	–	–	–	–
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	–	–	–	–	–
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	–	–	–	–	–
Serratia marcescens	–	–	–	–	–
Klebisella pneumoniae	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125
Acinetobacter anitratus	–	–	–	–	–
Salmonella paratyphyi B	–	–	–	–	–
Bacillus licheniformis	–	–	–	–	–
Micrococcus sp.	6.25	6.25	6.25	6.25	6.25
Staphylococcus epidermidis	–	–	–	–	–
Citrobacter preundii	–	–	–	–	–
Erwinia enterocolitica	–	–	–	–	–
Salmonella typhi	6.25	6.25	6.25	6.25	6.25
Burkholderia pseudomallei	–	–	–	–	–
Bacillus subtilis	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125
Staphylococcus aureus	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125
Erwinia sp.	–	–	–	–	–
Bacillus cereus	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125
Enterobacter aerogenes	–	–	–	–	–
Yeasts
Candida albicans strain 1	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125
Candida albicans strain 2	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125
Candida albicans strain 3	6.25	6.25	6.25	6.25	6.25
Rhodotorula rubra	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125	3.125
Cryptococcus neoformans	–	–	–	–	–
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	–	–	–	–	–
Fungi
Trichoderma viride	–	–	–	–	–
Rhizophus sp.	–	–	–	–	–
Mucor sp.	–	–	–	–	–
Penicillium sp.	–	–	–	–	–
Fusarium sp.	–	–	–	–	–
Trichophyton rubrum	–	–	–	–	–
Microsporum canis	–	–	–	–	–
Trichophyton mentagrophytes	–	–	–	–	–
Fusarium oxysporium	–	–	–	–	–
Aspergillus niger	–	–	–	–	–
Aspergillus flavus	–	–	–	–	–

^aME=methanol extract, MCE=methanol–chloroform extract, DEE=diethyl ether extract, EAE=ethyl acetate extract, BE=butanol extract, – = not done.