Protective effect of medicinal plant extracts on biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes

Figures & data

Table 1.  List of plants and plant parts.

Name of the Plants, Authority and Family	Parts Used	Type of Extracts	Voucher Specimen Number
Emblica officinalis Linn. (Punicaceae)	Fruit	Alcohol & Aqueous	9071
Momordica charantia Linn. (Cucurbitaceae)	Fruit	Alcohol & Aqueous	10065
Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)	Leaf, Fruit (Pod)	Alcohol & Aqueous	9076
Matricaria chamomilla Linn. (Asteraceae)	Flower	Alcohol & Aqueous	9075
Hibiscus subdariffa Linn. (Malvaceae)	Sepal	Alcohol & Aqueous	12008
Caesalpinia bonducella Flem. (Fabaceae)	Seed, Seed Coat	Alcohol & Aqueous	9084
Garcinia indica Linn. (Clusiaceae)	Fruit	Alcohol & Aqueous	9085
Punica granatum Linn. (Punicaceae)	Seed, Peel	Alcohol & Aqueous	9078

Figure 1.  Protective effect of vitamins and flavonoid on erythrocyte reduced glutathione concentration stressed with hydrogen peroxide/tert-butyl hydroperoxide. * Concentration of GSH is expressed as μmol/ml of packed erythrocytes; Values are mean ± SD of three experiments in replicates; ¤ p < 0.01.

Table 2.  Protective effects of plant extracts on reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde concentration in erythrocytes stressed by hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide.

Plant extracts	GSH concentration^1		MDA concentration^2
	H2O2	t-BHP	H2O2	t-BHP
Emblica officinalis (Fruit: Aqs)	0.885 ± 0.36	1.29 ± 0.75	0.057 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.02
Emblica officinalis (Fruit: Alc)	1.462 ± 0.40	2.07 ± 0.45	0.042 ± 0.01**	0.053 ± 0.008
Hibiscus subdariffa (Sepal: Aqs)	1.303 ± 0.55	1.98 ± 0.37***	0.058 ± 0.01	0.1395 ± 0.15
Hibiscus subdariffa (Sepal: Alc)	1.889 ± 1.3	1.905 ± 0.34	0.0309 ± 0.01	0.041 ± 0.046
Punica granatum (Peel: Aqs)	2.13 ± 0.90	1.939 ± 0.17**	0.035 ± 0.003	0.047 ± 0.01***
Punica granatum (Peel: Alc)	1.65 ± 0.54	2.209 ± 0.81	0.039 ± 0.002	0.048 ± 0.021
Punica granatum (Seed: Alc)	1.42 ± 1.01	1.956 ± 0.36	0.053 ± 0.007**	0.041 ± 0.007**
Punica granatum (Seed: Aqs)	1.15 ± 0.40	2.37 ± 0.32*	0.047 ± 0.008*	0.066 ± 0.026
Momordica charantia (Fruit: Alc)	1.83 ± 1.1	2.06 ± 0.81	0.054 ± 0.025	0.1205 ± 0.05
Momordica charantia (Fruit: Aqs)	1.19 ± 0.62	2.30 ± 0.30**	0.075 ± 0.06	0.142 ± 0.17
Matricaria chamomilla (Flower: Alc )	1.12 ± 0.38	1.78 ± 0.45	0.074 ± 0.012	0.313 ± 0.24
Matricaria chamomilla (Flower: Aqs)	1.47 ± 0.42	1.962 ± 0.18**	0.0645 ± 0.005	0.127 ± 0.07
Moringa oleifera (Pod: Alc)	1.22 ± 0.23	1.82 ± 0.51	0.05 ± 0.007***	0.091 ± 0.03
Moringa oleifera (Pod: Aqs)	1.96 ± 0.61	1.97 ± 0.2**	0.05 ± 0.013***	0.077 ± 0.01
Moringa oleifera (Leaf: Alc)	2.14 ± 0.59	1.97 ± 0.41***	0.06 ± 0.01	0.128 ± 0.09
Moringa oleifera (Leaf: Aqs)	1.94 ± 0.49	1.843 ± 0.31	0.063 ± 0.009	0.08 ± 0.02
Garcinia indica (Fruit: Alc)	1.92 ± 0.46	1.86 ± 0.43	0.057 ± 0.012	0.051 ± 0.001
Garcinia indica (Fruit: Aqs)	1.61 ± 0.37	1.94 ± 0.26***	0.093 ± 0.031	0.55 ± 0.01
Caesalpinia bonducella (Seed Coat: Alc)	1.92 ± 1.04	1.2 ± 0.85	0.037 ± 0.025*	0.54 ± 0.04
Caesalpinia bonducella (Seed Coat: Aqs)	2.61 ± 0.78**	0.522 ± 2.5	0.060 ± 0.025	0.049 ± 0.05
Caesalpinia bonducella (Seed: Aqs)	2.75 ± 0.84**	0.98 ± 0.62	0.058 ± 0.031	0.116 ± 0.03
Caesalpinia bonducella (Seed: Alc)	2.75 ± 1.34***	0.6545 ± 0.87	0.045 ± 0.028*	0.252 ± 0.21
Control (without oxidation)	2.095 ± 0.44	2.039 ± 0.014	0.04996 ± 0.005	0.0488 ± 0.015
Positive control (with oxidation)	0.915 ± 0.16*	1.0314 ± 0.67**	0.1052 ± 0.048**	0.086 ± 0.014***

Aqs:Aqueous extract(s), Alc:Alcohol extract(s).

¹GSH concentration is expressed as μmol/ml of packed erythrocytes.

²Malondialdehyde concentration is expressed as nmol/ml of packed erythrocytes.

*p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.05.

Figure 2.  Protective effect of vitamins and flavonoid on erythrocyte malondialdehyde concentration stressed with hydrogen peroxide/tert- butylhydroperoxide. *Concentration of MDA is expressed as nmol/ml of packed erythrocytes; Values are mean ± SD of three experiments in replicates; ¤ p < 0.01.

Table 3.  Ascending order of effectiveness of medicinal plant extract providing protection to erythrocytes stressed by hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide.

Parameter (s)	Condition (s) of stress	Order of Protection by plant extract (s)
GSH concentration	Hydrogen peroxide	Caesalpinia bonducella (seed: Alc & Aqs) > Caesalpinia bonducella (seed coat: Aqs) > Moringa oleifera (leaf: Alc) > Punica granatum (peel: Aqs) > Punica granatum (seed: Alc) > Moringa oleifera (pod: Aqs) > Moringa oleifera (leaf: Aqs) > Garcinia (fruit: Alc) > Caesalpinia bonducella (seed coat: Alc) > Hibiscus subdariffa (sepal: Alc)
	tert-butyl hydroperoxide	Punica granatum (seed: Aqs) > Punica granatum (peel: Alc) > Momordica charantia (fruit: Aqs) > Emblica officinalis (fruit: Alc) > Momordica charantia (fruit: Alc) > Hibiscus subdariffa (sepal: Aqs) > Moringa oleifera (pod: Aqs) > Moringa oleifera (leaf: Alc) > Garcinia (fruit: Aqs) > Matricaria chamomilla (flower: Aqs)
MDA concentration	Hydrogen peroxide	Hibiscus subdariffa (sepal: Alc) > Punica granatum (peel: Aqs) > Caesalpinia bonducella (seed coat: Alc) > Punica granatum (peel:Alc) > Emblica officinalis (fruit: Alc) > Caesalpinia bonducella (seed: Alc) > Punica granatum (seed: Aqs) > Moringa oleifera (pod: Aqs) > Moringa oleifera (pod: Alc) > Punica granatum (seed: Alc)
	tert-butyl hydroperoxide	Hibiscus subdariffa (sepal: Alc) > Punica granatum (seed: Alc) > Punica granatum (peel: Aqs & Alc) > Caesalpinia bonducella (seed coat: Alc) > Emblica officinalis (fruit: Aqs) > Garcinia (fruit: Alc) > Emblica officinalis (fruit: Alc) > Punica granatum (seed: Aqs) > Moringa oleifera (pod: Aqs)