Pectins from Citrus maxima

Figures & data

Table 1.  Content (%), galacturonic acid (% GalA), methoxyl (% Methoxyl), degree of methoxylation (DM) and molecular weight (MW) of WSP from fruit peel (albedo and flavedo) of various cultivars of C. maxima at < 10 and 30 days after harvesting.

Cultivar	Content and properties	Albedo		Flavedo
		< 10 days	30 days	< 10 days	30 days
Khao-nam-phueng	%Content	12.94 ± 1.95	12.70 ± 2.56	6.58 ± 1.39	9.29 ± 1.17
	%GalA	79.22 ± 1.97	74.27 ± 3.55	69.76 ± 1.73	68.31 ± 3.20
	%Methoxyl	9.73 ± 0.06	8.91 ± 0.03	8.78 ± 0.06	7.88 ± 0.25
	DM	76.79	74.99	78.68	72.13
	MW (Da)	22026 ± 38	49850 ± 94	22575 ± 8	37996 ± 317
Khao-paen	%Content	8.30 ± 1.32	9.96 ± 1.72	9.40 ± 0.90	8.93 ± 1.34
	%GalA	77.89 ± 3.86	75.65 ± 2.07	69.20 ± 5.66	72.42 ± 2.76
	%Methoxyl	9.00 ± 0.13	9.31 ± 0.07	7.73 ± 0.13	8.23 ± 0.05
	DM	72.25	77.00	69.87	71.02
	MW (Da)	25074 ± 662	41200 ± 71	29571 ± 158	20528 ± 991
Khao-phuang	%Content	12.53 ± 2.27	14.44 ± 3.14	9.55 ± 0.48	5.18 ± 0.34
	%GalA	77.72 ± 3.74	79..29 ± 5.67	74.73 ± 2.73	72.58 ± 2.32
	%Methoxyl	9.68 ± 0.08	9.92 ± 0.04	8.82 ± 0.05	8.04 ± 0.04
	DM	77.91	78.21	73.84	69.32
	MW (Da)	25283 ± 44	48087 ± 47	20799 ± 1919	25974 ± 1108

Table 2.  Content (%), galacturonic acid (% GalA), methoxyl (% Methoxyl), degree of methoxylation (DM) and molecular weight (MW) of OSP from fruit peel (albedo and flavedo) of various cultivars of C. maxima at < 10 and 30 days after harvesting.

Cultivar	Content and properties	Albedo		Flavedo
		< 10 days	30 days	< 10 days	30 days
Khao-nam-phueng	%Content	5.66 ± 0.59	7.19 ± 1.86	5.34 ± 1.01	2.92 ± 1.03
	%GalA	48.99 ± 2.35	64.74 ± 3.87	69.85 ± 3.81	62.96 ± 7.07
	%Methoxyl	4.34 ± 0.05	4.10 ± 0.27	4.50 ± 0.04	4.17 ± 0.05
	DM	55.41	39.57	40.30	41.40
	MW (Da)	nd	nd	17370 ± 16	13891 ± 97
Khao-paen	%Content	7.64 ± 1.74	10.77 ± 3.02	6.36 ± 0.76	2.87 ± 1.05
	%GalA	67.93 ± 2.80	68.87 ± 4.06	72.02 ± 3.38	71.93 ± 0.69
	%Methoxyl	3.94 ± 0.05	5.35 ± 0.08	3.63 ± 0.29	2.42 ± 0.19
	DM	36.25	48.58	31.50	21.01
	MW (Da)	nd	nd	12318 ± 98	10753 ± 158
Khao-phuang	%Content	10.17 ± 2.67	9.53 ± 2.28	7.86 ± 0.36	6.77 ± 1.30
	%GalA	65.45 ± 2.11	72.02 ± 3.05	74.02 ± 2.95	71.04 ± 3.70
	%Methoxyl	4.91 ± 0.09	5.13 ± 0.10	4.33 ± 0.04	4.46 ± 0.01
	DM	46.94	44.58	36.60	39.25
	MW (Da)	nd	nd	12871 ± 17	12565 ± 33

nd, not determined.

Figure 1.  Diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectra of pectins from C. maxima (A, B and C represent cultivar Khao-nam-phueng, Khao-paen, and Khao-phuang, respectively; 10 and 30 indicate the day of storage after harvesting).

Figure 2.  PCA discrimination of WSP and OSP from albedo and flavedo based on percentage relative mol of neutral sugars (A, B and C were cultivars. Khao-nam-phueng, Khao-paen, and Khao-phuang, respectively; 10 and 30 indicate the day of storage after harvesting).

Figure 3.  Projection of percentage relative mol of neutral sugars on the first two principal components. Ara, arabinose; Gal, galactose; Glc, glucose; Man, mannose; Rha, rhamnose; Xyl, xylose.

Table 3.  Neutral sugar content (% relative mol) of WSP from fruit peel (albedo and flavedo) of various cultivars of C. maxima at < 10 and 30 days after harvesting.

Cultivar	Peel	Storing time (day)	Ara	Rha	Xyl	Man	Gal	Glc
Khao-nam-phueng	Albedo	< 10	50.53 ± 5.68	13.50 ± 1.06	4.96 ± 0.17	2.57 ± 0.41	13.95 ± 2.91	14.48 ± 3.37
		30	52.65 ± 0.92	14.01 ± 0.08	5.33 ± 0.28	2.45 ± 0.04	18.62 ± 0.22	6.94 ± 0.51
	Flavedo	< 10	64.51 ± 0.08	10.21 ± 0.38	4.99 ± 0.62	2.16 ± 0.03	14.90 ± 0.13	3.22 ± 0.00
		30	64.77 ± 0.45	9.19 ± 1.06	5.83 ± 0.56	2.85 ± 0.99	13.94 ± 1.23	3.42 ± 0.28
Khao-paen	Albedo	< 10	58.42 ± 1.97	11.27 ± 0.98	6.71 ± 0.76	2.10 ± 0.20	16.29 ± 2.34	5.21 ± 0.87
		30	58.02 ± 1.18	12.62 ± 0.58	5.99 ± 0.07	1.98 ± 0.12	16.14 ± 0.90	5.26 ± 0.34
	Flavedo	< 10	63.18 ± 0.28	7.97 ± 0.10	3.91 ± 0.02	1.79 ± 0.03	18.03 ± 0.17	5.12 ± 0.06
		30	66.79 ± 0.33	9.22 ± 0.01	3.99 ± 0.11	1.85 ± 0.01	14.76 ± 0.14	3.38 ± 0.09
Khao-phuang	Albedo	< 10	43.86 ± 0.89	17.50 ± 1.51	8.07 ± 0.39	3.14 ± 0.08	17.74 ± 0.89	9.70 ± 1.06
		30	48.48 ± 2.35	19.00 ± 0.68	8.63 ± 0.09	3.26 ± 0.36	16.41 ± 2.23	4.22 ± 0.35
	Flavedo	< 10	60.46 ± 0.03	11.28 ± 0.11	5.95 ± 0.20	2.13 ± 0.01	12.70 ± 0.08	7.47 ± 0.03
		30	60.79 ± 0.35	12.00 ± 0.29	7.06 ± 0.14	2.13 ± 0.03	13.20 ± 0.15	4.82 ± 0.03

Table 4.  Neutral sugar content (% relative mol) of OSP from fruit peel (albedo and flavedo) of various cultivars of C. maxima at < 10 and 30 days after harvesting.

Cultivar	Peel	Storing time (day)	Ara	Rha	Xyl	Man	Gal	Glc
Khao-nam-phueng	Albedo	< 10	53.35 ± 0.94	17.59 ± 0.50	3.59 ± 0.22	0.57 ± 0.06	21.84 ± 0.99	3.06 ± 0.13
		30	35.33 ± 1.33	22.27 ± 1.32	6.69 ± 0.52	0.92 ± 0.26	27.65 ± 2.22	7.14 ± 0.46
	Flavedo	< 10	68.12 ± 0.08	11.74 ± 0.00	2.39 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.00	17.18 ± 0.08	0.57 ± 0.01
		30	57.11 ± 0.97	13.97 ± 0.73	4.30 ± 0.08	0.00 ± 0.00	23.79 ± 0.28	0.83 ± 0.05
Khao-paen	Albedo	< 10	60.05 ± 0.42	16.17 ± 0.22	3.40 ± 0.24	0.55 ± 0.20	17.01 ± 0.48	2.82 ± 0.50
		30	61.16 ± 1.80	19.93 ± 0.37	3.22 ± 0.30	0.43 ± 0.34	12.84 ± 0.92	2.41 ± 0.38
	Flavedo	< 10	61.91 ± 0.84	10.96 ± 0.29	2.99 ± 0.25	0.00 ± 0.00	23.36 ± 0.81	0.79 ± 0.02
		30	68.72 ± 0.07	11.25 ± 0.26	2.81 ± 0.11	0.00 ± 0.00	16.66 ± 0.10	0.56 ± 0.01
Khao-phuang	Albedo	< 10	56.01 ± 0.47	24.61 ± 0.41	3.23 ± 0.36	0.46 ± 0.16	14.11 ± 0.35	1.58 ± 0.34
		30	47.98 ± 0.36	28.89 ± 0.44	4.62 ± 0.07	0.56 ± 0.16	15.68 ± 0.46	2.27 ± 0.33
	Flavedo	< 10	67.16 ± 0.79	13.46 ± 0.78	3.12 ± 0.21	0.00 ± 0.00	15.68 ± 0.24	0.58 ± 0.02
		30	60.98 ± 1.37	16.37 ± 0.34	4.07 ± 0.27	0.00 ± 0.00	17.74 ± 0.74	0.84 ± 0.02