Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Nicotiana rustica total extract

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of N. rustica total extract (NRTE) on acid acetic-induced visceral pain.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Number of writhes (per 30 min)	% of inhibition
Control	—	124 ± 4.4	—
Diclofenac	10	65.2 ± 3.3**	47.4
NRTE	2.5	111 ± 3.8*	10.5
	5.0	80 ± 5.4**	35.5
	8.5	63.5 ± 2**	48.8
	12	32.7 ± 2.8**	73.7

Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6).

*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.001.

Table 2.  Effect of the N. rustica total extract (NRTE) and morphine on pain threshold in the hot-plate test.

Treatment	Time after treatment (min)
	Dose (mg/kg)	0	30	60	90	120
Control	—	5.4 ± 0.3	5.1 ± 0.3	6.0 ± 0.4	5.8 ± 0.3	4.4 ± 0.2
Morphine	10	5.8 ± 0.4	17.2 ± 1***	18.2 ± 1.2***	15.6 ± 0.9***	12.8 ± 0.8***
NRTE	2.5	5.2 ± 0.2	7.9 ± 0.8**	6.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.5	4.8 ± 0.3
	5.0	5.2 ± 0.5	10 ± 1**	11.5 ± 0.7***	6.9 ± 0.5	4.4 ± 0.2
	8.5	4.9 ± 0.4	14.1 ± 0.6***	10.4 ± 0.6***	8.8 ± 0.6**	5.8 ± 0.3**
	12	4.6 ± 0.4	15.8 ± 1.3***	11.2 ± 1.1**	7.3 ± 0.4*	5.7 ± 0.2**
NRTE + naloxone	(12) + (2)	5.6 ± 0.2	6.5 ± 0.3*°°°	6.4 ± 0.2ns°°	5.8 ± 0.2ns°	4.8 ± 0.3ns
Morphine + naloxone	(10) + (2)	5.2 ± 0.3	5.7 ± 0.4ns°°°	6.7 ± 0.2ns°°°	6.3 ± 0.2ns°°°	5.2 ± 0.3ns°°°

Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6).

ns: not significant; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 versus control. °P < 0.05, °°P < 0.01, and °°°P < 0.001 versus the group receiving the appropriated drug at the same dose without naloxone.

Table 3.  Effect of N. rustica total extract (NRTE) and morphine on formalin-induced nociception.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Licking time (s)		% of inhibition
		Early phase (0-5 min)	Late phase (20-30 min)	Early phase	Late phase
Control	—	104.8 ± 4.1	191.5 ± 6.4	—	—
Morphine	10	14.7 ± 1.5***	54.8 ± 3.3***	85.9	71.4
NRTE	2.5	81 ± 6.9*	153.8 ± 6.5ns	22.7	19.7
	5.0	70.7 ± 4.7**	122.7 ± 4.8**	32.5	35.9
	8.5	19 ± 1.9***	44.3 ± 2.5***	81.8	76.8
	12	23.7 ± 1.7***	45 ± 3.7***	77.4	76.5
NRTE + naloxone	(12) + (2)	101.2 ± 5.3ns °°°	112.0 ± 6.3** °°°	3.4	41.5
Morphine + naloxone	(10) + (2)	97.2 ± 2.9ns °°°	159.6 ± 8.8ns °°°	7.2	16.6

Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6).

ns: not significant; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 versus control. °P < 0.05, °°P < 0.01, and °°°P < 0.001 versus the group receiving the appropriated drug at the same dose without naloxone.

Table 4.  Effect of N. rustica total extract (NRTE) on xylene induced ear edema in mice.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Difference (mg)	% of inhibition
Control	—	17 ± 1.7	—
Diclofenac	10	07 ± 0.9**	59.0
NRTE	2.5	13 ± 1.2*	23.5
	5.0	12 ± 1.2**	29.5
	8.5	10 ± 0.8***	41.2
	12	08 ± 1.2***	53.0

Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6).

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.