Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Viburnum opulus

Figures & data

Table 1.  Lethal doses of Viburnum opulus.

Lethal dose	Dose (g/kg)
LD1	2.345
LD10	3.424
LD50	5.447
LD90	8.665
LD99	11.463

Table 2.  Results for V. opulus in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice.

Treatment	Dose (mg/kg)	Abdominal stretching	% Inhibition of stretching
Control (ISS)	0.2 mL	17.67 ± 1.67	—
Acetylsalicylic acid	300	9.83 ± 0.60^a	44.37
V. opulus	100	7.67 ± 2.68^a	56.59
V. opulus	200	6.50 ± 3.89^a	63.21
F value/p value		3.974/0.023

Values for abdominal stretching are mean ± SE, n = 6, p < 0.05 significant. Post-hoc LSD (least significant difference) test.

^ap < 0.05, comparison with control group.

Table 3.  Results for V. opulus, acetylsalicylic acid, morphine, and control groups in tail-flick test.

Group	Antinociceptive activity (%)
	30th min	90th min	150th min
ISS (control)	2.03 ± 01.45	3.26 ± 04.26	1.21 ± 04.98
Acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg/kg)	22.74 ± 07.24	23.55 ± 08.87	37.29 ± 6.91^a
Morphine (10 mg/kg)	46.31 ± 10.99^a	69.38 ± 12.28^a,b	0.16 ± 6.61^b
V. opulus (100 mg/kg)	31.55 ± 19.40	45.29 ± 17.52^a	58.89 ± 17.13^a,c
V. opulus (200 mg/kg)	33.78 ± 12.60	57.71 ± 15.65^a	61.83 ± 24.53^a,c
F value	2.487	5.330	6.116
p value	0.064	0.002	0.001

ISS, isotonic saline solution. Values are mean ± SE, n = 6, p < 0.05 significant. Post-hoc LSD (least significant difference) test and Dunnett test.

^ap < 0.5 compared with control (ISS) group.

^bp < 0.05 compared with acetylsalicylic acid group.

^cp < 0.05 compared with morphine group.

Table 4.  Anti-inflammatory effect of V. opulus.

Group	Dose	Paw edema (% mL)	Inhibition (%)
Control I (ISS)	0.1 mL	1.043 ± 0.084	—
Control II (ethyl alcohol)	0.1 mL	0.988 ± 0.075	—
Indomethacin	3 mg/kg	0.042 ± 0.015^a,b	95.70
V. opulus	50 mg/kg	0.747 ± 0.044^c	28.40
V. opulus	100 mg/kg	0.745 ± 0.130^c	28.49
V. opulus	200 mg/kg	0.732 ± 0.108^c	29.78
F value		21.606
p value		0.000

ISS, isotonic saline solution. Values are mean ± SE, n = 6, p < 0.05 significant. Post-hoc Tukey’s HSD (honestly significant difference) test.

^ap < 0.05 compared with control I (SF) group.

^bp < 0.05 compared with control II (ethyl alcohol) group.

^cp < 0.05 compared with indomethacin group.