Neuroprotective effects of the ethanol stem bark extracts of Terminalia ivorensis in ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative damage in mice

Figures & data

Figure 1. Treatment protocol.

Table 1. Effect of EETI on reversal treatment of ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion.

Treatments	Dose (mg/kg) and routeof administration	Number of line crossings	Duration of ambulation (s)
Vehicle	10 mL/kg, p.o.	82.20 ± 6.184	190.6 ± 6.653
KET	20 mg/kg, i.p.	218.2 ± 8.212**	87.60 ± 6.384**
EETI	125 mg/kg, p.o.	68.20 ± 9.173*	222.4 ± 8.600*
EETI	250 mg/kg, p.o.	58.60 ± 5.016*	234.0 ± 8.210*
EETI	500 mg/kg, p.o.	55.20 ± 7.552*	243.2 ± 6.232*
RIS	0.5 mg/kg, p.o.	49.20 ± 5.987*	271.0 ± 9.011*

Value represents the mean ± S.E.M of five animals/group. One way ANOVA revealed that there is significant [F (5, 24) = 81.16, p < 0.0001] and [F (5, 24) = 72.36, p < 0.0001] differences between various treatment groups for number of line crossing(s) and ambulation(s) time, respectively. KET: Ketamine; RIS: Risperidone; EETI: Ethanol extract of T. ivorensis stem bark.

** Denotes p < 0.05 as compared to vehicle group.

* Denotes p < 0.05 as compared with ketamine group.

Figure 2. Effect of EETI on reversal treatment of ketamine-induced cognitive dysfunction. Value represents the mean ± S.E.M of five animals/group. One way ANOVA revealed that there is significant [F (5, 24) = 13.55, p < 0.0001] difference between various treatment groups. **Denotes p < 0.05 as compared to vehicle group. *Denotes p < 0.05 as compared with ketamine group. KET: Ketamine; RIS: Risperidone; EETI: Ethanol extract of T. ivorensis stem bark.

Figure 3. Effect of EETI on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in mouse brain. Value represents the mean ± S.E.M of five animals/group. One way ANOVA revealed that there is significant [F (5, 24) = 62.51, p < 0.0001] difference between various treatment groups. **Denotes p < 0.05 as compared to vehicle group. *Denotes p < 0.05 as compared with ketamine group. KET: Ketamine; RIS: Risperidone; EETI: Ethanol extract of T. ivorensis stem bark.

Figure 4. Effect of EETI on catalase (CAT) activity in mouse brain. Value represents the mean ± S.E.M of five animals/group. One way ANOVA revealed that there is significant [F (5, 24) = 33.24, p < 0.0001] difference between various treatment groups. **Denotes p < 0.05 as compared to vehicle group. *Denotes p < 0.05 as compared with ketamine group. KET: Ketamine; RIS: Risperidone; EETI: Ethanol extract of T. ivorensis stem bark.

Figure 5. Effect of EETI on glutathione (GSH) activity in mouse brain. Value represents the mean ± S.E.M of five animals/group. One way ANOVA revealed that there is significant [F (5, 24) = 26.77, p < 0.0001] difference between various treatment groups. **Denotes p < 0.05 as compared to vehicle group. *Denotes p < 0.05 as compared with ketamine group. KET: Ketamine; RIS: Risperidone; EETI: Ethanol extract of T. ivorensis stem bark.

Figure 6. Effect of EETI on MDA content in mouse brain. Value represents the mean ± S.E.M of five animals/group. One way ANOVA revealed that there is significant [F (5, 24) = 24.50, p < 0.0001] difference between various treatment groups. **Denotes p < 0.05 as compared to vehicle group. *Denotes p < 0.05 as compared with ketamine group. KET: Ketamine; RIS: Risperidone; EETI: Ethanol extract of T. ivorensis stem bark.