Antiobesity and antihyperglycaemic effects of Adiantum capillus-veneris extracts: in vitro and in vivo evaluations

Figures & data

Figure 1. In vitro inhibitory effects of Adiantum capillus-veneris AE, its bioactive phytoconstituents; chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid and ferulic acid, and orlistat concentrations on pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase activity. Results are mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent replicates).

Table 1. In vitro pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase IC₅₀ values for increasing concentrations of different parts of Adiantum capillus-veneris AEs, its bioactive phytoconstituent; chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid and ferulic acid, and orlistat. Results are mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent replicates).

Tested extract/compound	IC50 (ng/mL–mg/mL)	IC50 (μM–mM)
Orlistat	114.0 ± 4.0 ng/mL	0.23 ± 0.0 μM
Adiantum capillus-veneris AEs	1.6 ± 0.1 mg/mL	–
Chlorogenic acid	38.4 ± 2.8 μg/mL	0.11 ± 0.0 mM
Ellagic acid	13.53 ± 1.83 μg/mL	44.78 ± 6.07 μM
Ferulic acid	0.48 ± 0.06 μg/mL	2.49 ± 0.29 μM

Figure 2. In vitro inhibitory effects of Adiantum capillus-veneris AE (mg/mL) on enzymatic starch digestion. Results are mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent replicates). *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 compared to control (drug-free or plant-free) incubations, as determined by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test.

Figure 3. In vitro inhibitory effects of chlorogenic acid, A. capillus-veneris phytoconstituent (μg/mL) on enzymatic starch digestion. Results are mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent replicates). ***p < 0.001 compared to control (drug-free or plant-free) incubations, as determined by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test.

Table 2. Effects of ascending concentrations of different parts of A. capillus-veneris AE (mg/mL) and its bioactive phytoconstituent chlorogenic acid (μg/mL) on % reduction of enzymatic starch digestion in vitro. Results expressed as % decrease in control values are mean ± SEM (n = 3 independent determinations).

Plant AE (mg/mL)	0.1	0.5	1	1.25	2.5	5	10
Adiantum capillus-veneris	31.3 ± 2.0	49.0 ± 4.3^a	51.3 ± 1.2^a	51.0 ± 0.8^a	60.2 ± 1.3^a	63.3 ± 0.6^a	64.0 ± 0.3^a
Chlorogenic acid (μg/mL)		6.25	12.5	25	50	100	200
Chlorogenic acid		30.6 ± 0.9^a	31.4 ± 1.9^a	32.6 ± 1.3^a	36.8 ± 1.4^a	43.7 ± 1.4^a	57.2 ± 0.9^a

^a p < 0.001 compared to control (drug-free or plant-free) incubations as determined by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test.

Figure 4. In vivo modulatory postprandial antihyperglycaemic effects of A. capillus-veneris AE (mg/kg b.wt) on oral starch tolerance over 165 min and AUC in normoglycaemic overnight fasting rats. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 compared to control untreated animals, as determined by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test.

Figure 5. (A). Lack of in vivo modulatory postprandial antihyperglycaemic effects of A. capillus-veneris AE (mg/kg b.wt) on oral glucose tolerance over 165 min and AUC in normoglycaemic overnight fasting rats. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 compared to control untreated animals, as determined by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test. (B). Lack of modulatory in vitro effects of A. capillus-veneris AE (mg/mL) on the incremental AUC of 24-h glucose movement. ***p < 0.001 compared to control (drug-free or plant-free) incubations, as determined by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test.

Figure 6. In vivo chronic effects of A. capillus-veneris AE (500 mg/kg b.wt) on the incremental AUC of 10-week treatment on the body weight. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of area under curve (AUC) of body weight for 10-week intervention using ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test, where *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared to control group, ^ΔΔΔp < 0.001 compared to HCD group, and ^∇∇p < 0.01 compared to atorvastatin group.

Figure 7. In vivo chronic effects of A. capillus-veneris AE (500 mg/kg b.wt) on the incremental AUC of 10 weeks treatment on triglycerides (TAG) concentrations. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of AUC (area under curve) of TAG for 10-week intervention using ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test where *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared to control group, ^Δp < 0.05 and ^ΔΔΔp < 0.001 compared to HCD group and ^∇∇p < 0.01 compared to atorvastatin group.