GC-MS analysis and hepatoprotective activity of the n-hexane extract of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius leaves against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. GC-MS chromatogram of n-hexane extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.

Table 1. Identification of the components of n-hexane extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.

No.	Compound^a	Molecular formula	Molecular weight	Rt (min.)	Relative area (%)^c	KI^b	Method of identification
1	Unidentified	–	–	10.19	0.56	–	–
2	Undecane	C11H24	156	11.51	1.44	1099	KI, MS
3	Undecane, 5-methyl-	C12H26	170	13.42	0.36	1158	KI, MS
4	Undecane, 2methyl-	C15H32	212	13.77	0.61	1168	KI, MS
5	Undecane, 3-methyl-	C12H26	170	14.00	0.46	1172	KI, MS
6	Dodecane	C14H30	198	15.07	3.43	1200	KI, MS
7	Undecane, 2,6-dimethyl-	C13H28	184	15.46	0.65	1216	KI, MS
8	Neophytadiene	C20H38	278	34.38	0.70	1830	KI, MS
9	Palmitic acid methyl ester	C17H34O2	270	36.87	0.31	1920	KI, MS
10	Phytol	C20H40O	296	41.09	10.95	1949	KI, MS
11	Methyl stearate	C19H38O2	298	41.57	0.39	2099	KI, MS
12	Hexadecanamide	C16H33NO	255	42.98	0.37	2150	KI, MS
13	Oleamide	C18H35NO	281	46.79	2.70	2375	KI, MS
14	Unidentified	–	–	47.36	0.45	–	–
15	1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethyl hexyl) ester	C24H38O4	390	50.02	0.51	2510	KI, MS
16	Unidentified	–	–	53.14	1.05	–	–
17	Methyl tetracosanoate	C21H42O4	358	53.74	0.41	2732	KI, MS
18	16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid	C16H32O3	272	54.76	2.28	2737	KI, MS
19	Squalene	C30H50	410	55.02	7.19	2806	KI, MS
20	Unidentified	–	–	55.51	0.33	–	–
21	Unidentified	–	–	56.59	0.31	–	–
22	n-Tetracosanol-1	C24H50O	354	56.73	5.46	2905	KI, MS
23	Unidentified	–	–	56.91	0.35	–	–
24	Hexacosanoic acid, methyl ester-	C27H54O2	410	57.24	0.67	2941	KI, MS
25	γ-Tocopherol	C27H46O2	402	59.13	1.96	2987	KI, MS
26	Unidentified	–	–	59.89	0.32	–	–
27	Vitamin E	C29H50O2,	430	60.40	18.23	3112	KI, MS
28	α-Tocopherolquinone	C29H50O3	446	60.55	0.77	3113	KI, MS
29	Campesterol	C28H48O	400	61.85	0.37	3305	K, MS
30	Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol (3á,22E)	C29H48O	412	62.23	3.01	3316	KI, MS
31	Unidentified	–	–	63.00	0.48	–	–
32	γ-Sitosterol	C29H50O	414	63.18	5.86	3408	KI, MS
33	Friedelin	C30H50O	426	63.53	0.54	2416	KI, MS
34	Unidentified	–	–	63.81	0.81	–	–
35	Labda8(20),13-dien-15-oic acid (E)-(+)-	C20H32O2	304	64.11	13.15	2422	KI, MS
36	33-Norgorgosta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol,(3á)	C29H46O	410	64.35	0.58	–	MS
37	Lupeol	C30H50O	427	64.57	11.93	–	MS

^a Compounds are listed in order of their elution

^b Kovats retention index calculated on DB-5 column

^c Average of three analyses

MS: identification based on mass spectral data; RI: identification based on comparison with published retention indices in Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data, 8th edition, mainlib Library, replib Library, NIST Mass Spectral Library (December 2005) and other published data. The major components are highlighted in bold.

Figure 2. Body weight gain (A) and liver relative weight (B) of control and intoxicated rats. Values are means, with their standard errors represented by vertical bars. A. fraxinifolius: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius; APAP: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001: compared with the healthy control group; †††p < 0.001: compared with the APAP-intoxicated group that received vehicle; (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test).

Figure 3. Serum liver enzymes markers of control and intoxicated rats. Values are means, with their standard errors represented by vertical bars. A. fraxinifolius: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius; ALAT: alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; APAP: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; ASAT: aspartate aminotransferase *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01,***p < 0.001: compared with the healthy control group; †††p < 0.001: compared with the APAP-intoxicated group that received vehicle; (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test).

Figure 4. Serum lipid profiles (A: total cholesterol and triglycerides, B: HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, C: atherogenic index 1 and 2) of control and intoxicated rats. Values are means, with their standard errors represented by vertical bars. A. fraxinifolius: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius; APAP: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol Atherogenic index (1), total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol ratio; atherogenic index (2), LDL-cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol ratio *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001: compared with the healthy control group; †††p < 0.001: compared with the APAP-intoxicated group that received vehicle; (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test).

Figure 5. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels (A) and A/G ratio (B) of control and intoxicated rats. Values are means, with their standard errors represented by vertical bars. A. fraxinifolius: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius; APAP: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001: compared with the healthy control group; †p < 0.05: compared with the APAP-intoxicated group that received vehicle; (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test).

Figure 6. Serum total, direct and indirect bilirubin levels of control and intoxicated rats. Values are means, with their standard errors represented by vertical bars. A. fraxinifolius: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius; APAP: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001: compared with the healthy control group; †p < 0.05, †††p < 0.001: compared with the APAP-intoxicated group that received vehicle; (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test).

Figure 7. Hepatic MDA concentration (A) and total antioxidant capacity (B) of control and intoxicated rats. Values are means, with their standard errors represented by vertical bars. A. fraxinifolius: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius; APAP: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; MDA: malondialdehyde *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001: compared with the healthy control group; †p < 0.05, †††p < 0.001: compared with the APAP-intoxicated group that received vehicle; (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test).