Chemical profile of the Anatolian Sideritis species with bioactivity studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Some Anatolian Sideritis species.

Table 1. Phytochemical constituents of Anatolian Sideritis species with bioactivities.

Species	Isolated compounds, and main chemical components of the essential oils^a		References
Sideritis akmanii Aytac, Ekici & Donmez (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	α-Curcumene Spathulenol	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Isolinearol Foliol Isofoliol Sideridiol Sideroxol	Bondi et al. (2000)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Anticholinesterase Alpha-amylase Alpha-glucosidase ACE inhibitory activities	Aksoy et al. (2022)
Sideritis albiflora Hub.-Mor.(E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	α-Pinene β-Pinene trans-Caryophyllene β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Topcu et al. (2005) Kirci et al. (2021)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antimicrobial Antioxidant Antidiabetic	Dulger, Gonuz, et al. (2005) and Dulger, Ugurlu, et al. (2005) Güvenç et al. (2005) Deveci et al. (2020)
Sideritis amasiaca Bornm. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	α-Pinene β-Pinene Bicyclogermacrene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Tumen et al. (1995)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalier et al. (2004)
Sideritis arguta Boiss. & Heldr. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene β-Phellandrene Germacrene D β-Pinene α-Pinene 1,8-Cineole	Kirimer et al. (2004) Baser, Kirimer, et al. (1996)
	Diterpenoids	7-epi-Candicandiol Siderol Sideroxol Eubotriol Diacetyl-distanol 15-epi-Eubol Eubol Epoxy-siderol	Ertaş et al. (2009)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Anticholinesterase	Güvenç et al. (2005) Erdogan-Orhan et al. (2010) Erkan et al. (2011) Yeşlada and Ezer (1989) Ertaş et al. (2009)
Sideritis argyrea P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Phellandrene β-Pinene α-Pinene Limonene	Ezer et al. (1996) Kirimer et al. (2003) Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Foliol Sidol 7-epi-Candicandiol 7-epi-Candicandiol-18-monoacetate Siderol Sideridiol Ent-7α-acetoxy-18-hydroxy-kaur-16-ene Ent-6β,8α-dihydroxy-labd-13(16),14-diene^b	Kilic et al. (2003)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Antibacterial	Yeşilada and Ezer (1989) Tunalier et al. (2004) Kilic et al. (2003)
Sideritis armeniaca Bornm. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Phellandrene α-Pinene β-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2003) Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalier et al. (2004)
Sideritis athoa Papanikolaou & Kokkini	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Myrcene β-Pinene Ar-Curcumene	Ozek et al. (1993)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Foliol Sidol Ent-3β,7α-dihydroxy-kaur-16-ene 7-epi-Candicandiol Ent-3β-hydroxy-kaur-16-ene Athonolone Ent-3α,18-dihydroxy-kaur-16-ene Ent-7α,18-dihydroxy-beyer-15-ene^c	Kilic et al. (2003) Topcu et al. (1999)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antistress Antibacterial Antioxidant and anticholinesterase	Öztürk et al. (1996) Kilic et al. (2003) Carikci (2020)
Sideritis bilgerana P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene Limonene β-Phellandrene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Iscan et al. (2005) Özcan et al. (2001) Carikci et al. (2018)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Candida albicans inhibitory Antioxidant Antimicrobial	Dulger et al. (2006) Tunalier et al. (2004) Tekeli (2012) Iscan et al. (2005)
Sideritis brevibracteata P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene, naphthalene Caryophyllene Germacrene-D α-Cadinene	Kırımer et al. (2004) Sagir et al. (2017) Carikci et al. (2018)
	Diterpenoids	Siderol (ent-7α-acetyl-18-hydroxy-kaur-15-ene) Linearol (ent-3β,7α-dihydroxy-18-acetoxykaur-16-ene) Eubotriol (ent-7α,15β,18-trihydroxy-kaur-16-ene) Sideridiol (ent-7α,18β-dihydroxy-kaur-15-ene) Athonolone (ent-7α,17,18-trihydroxy-9,11-(ene)-12-on)	Sagir et al. (2017)
	Triterpenoids and steroids	Stigmasterol
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	Hypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside Hypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside 3′-Hydroxy-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside Hypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside 3′-Hydroxy-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside Hypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6‴-O-acetyl-β-D glucopyranoside Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside 3′-Hydroxy-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside	Tandogan et al. (2011) Güvenç et al. (2010)
	Phenylethanoid glycoside	Verbascoside	Güvenç et al. (2010)
	Activity	Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant and aldose reductase inhibitory Antioxidant Antimicrobial	Güvenç et al. (2010) Güvenç et al. (2005) Dulger, Gonuz, et al. (2005) and Dulger, Ugurlu, et al. (2005)
Sideritis brevidens P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene epi-Cubebol	Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirimer, Tabanca, Ozek, et al. (1999)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Sidol epi-Candicandiol Siderol Athonolone	Bondi et al. (2000) Carikci et al. (2012)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antimicrobial Antioxidant	Dulger, Gonuz, et al. (2005) and Dulger, Ugurlu, et al. (2005) Tunalier et al. (2004) Carikci et al. (2012)
Sideritis caesarea H. Duman, Aytac & Baser (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene α-Pinene β-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirimer, Tabanca, Tümen, et al. (1999) Gunbatan et al. (2017)
	Diterpenoids	Siderol Epoxy-siderol Eubol Eubotriol ent-7α,18-Dihydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-ene	Baser, Bondi, et al. (1996) and Baser, Kirimer, et al. (1996) Halfon et al. (2011)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	Penduletin Apigenin 4′-O-Methylisoscutellarein-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-Acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside 4′-O-Methylhypolaetin-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-Acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside Isoscutellarein-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-Acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside Isoscutellarein-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside 4′-O-Methylhypolaetin-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-Glucopyranoside Hypolaetin-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside	Demirtas et al. (2011)
	Activity	Anticholinesterase Antioxidant Antioxidant and antimicrobial Antifungal Anti-ulcerogenic	Halfon et al. (2013) Tunalier et al. (2004) Sagdic et al. (2008) Askun et al. (2008) Güvenç et al. (2005)
Sideritis cilicica Boiss. & Bal. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	α-Pinene β-Pinene β-Phellandrene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antimicrobial Antioxidant	Iscan et al. (2005) Dulger, Gonuz, et al. (2005) and Dulger, Ugurlu, et al. (2005) Tunalıer et al. (2004)
Sideritis condensata Boiss. & Heldr. apud Benth. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone Germacrene D Carvacrol β-Pinene α-Pinene β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Ozkan et al. (2005) Ezer et al. (1996) Gumuşçu et al. (2011)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Isolinearol Siderol Sideridiol Candol B Sideroxol 7-Acetyl-sideroxol Ent-7α-acetoxy-15β,18-dihydroxy-kaur-16-ene	Kilic et al. (2009)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Insecticidal Antioxidant and antimicrobial Candida albicans inhibitory	Güvenç et al. (2005) Kara et al. (2014) Kilic et al. (2009) Ozkan et al. (2005) Dulger et al. (2006)
Sideritis congesta P. H. Davis & Hub.-Mor. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	epi-Cubebol δ-Cadinene α-Cadinol β-Pinene α-Pinene Caryophyllene Muurol-5-en-4-β-ol Muurol-5-en-4-α-ol α-Cadinol	Kirimer, Tabanca, Baser, et al. (2001) Ozel et al. (2008) Kirimer et al. (2004) Ezer et al. (1996) Gumuşçu et al. (2011) Özcan et al. (2001)
	Iridoid glycoside	Ajugoside	Bardakci et al. (2020)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Epoxy-isolinearol Sidol 7-epi-Candicandiol Siderol Sideridiol Sideroxol 7-Acetyl-distanol	Topcu et al. (2011)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Analgesic activity Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory	Aydın et al. (1996) Güvenç et al. (2005) Erdogan-Orhan et al. (2010) Erkan et al. (2011) Yeşlada and Ezer (1989)
Sideritis curvidens Stapf	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Bicyclogermacrene β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2000)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antibacterial	Uğur et al. (2005)
Sideritis cypria Post	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	epi-Cubebol trans-Piperitol Pinene	Yiğit Hanoğlu et al. (2017)
	Iridoid glycoside	7-O-Acetyl-8-epi-loganic acid	Hanoğlu et al. (2019)
	Diterpenoids	Sidol Isosidol Linearol Isolinearol	Hanoğlu et al. (2019)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	Apigenin-7-O-glucopyranoside Isoscutellarein-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-allopyranosyl-(1→2)-glucopyranoside], mixture of apigenin-7-O-(4″-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside and apigenin-7-O-(3″-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside	Hanoğlu et al. (2019)
	Phenylethanoid glycoside	Verbascoside Lavandulifolioside Leonoside A Leucoseptoside A	Hanoğlu et al. (2019)
	Activity	Antimicrobial activity of essential oil	Yiğit Hanoğlu et al. (2017)
Sideritis dichotoma Huter (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Geracymene Hexahydrofarnesyl-acetone	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Geraterpinene Siderol Sideridiol Sideroxol Epoxy-siderol Eubotriol ent-7α-Acetoxy-15β,18-dihydroxy-kaur-16-ene ent-7α,18-Dihydroxy-beyer-15-ene^c	Kirimer et al. (2004) Topcu et al. (2002b)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Candida albicans inhibitory Antibacterial	Güvenç et al. (2005) Tunalier et al. (2004) Dorman et al. (2011) Dulger et al. (2006) Diken and Yılmaz (2022)
Sideritis erythrantha Boiss. & Heldr. apus Benth.var. erythrantha Boiss. & Heldr. apud Benth. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Myrcene α-Pinene β-Phellandrene β-Caryophyllene β-Pinene Sabinene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Tabanca et al. (2001) Altundag and Aslim (2011)
	Diterpenoids	Sideridiol	Bruno et al. (2005)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antimicrobial activity Antioxidant Antioxidant and antimicrobial	Köse et al. (2010) Altundag and Aslim (2011) Güvenç et al. (2005) Tunalier et al. (2004) Ozkan et al. (2005)
Sideritis erythrantha Boiss. & Heldr. apud Benth.var. cedretorum P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Myrcene α-Pinene α-Bisabolol β-Caryophyllene β-Pinene Sabinene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Köse et al. (2010) Tabanca et al. (2001)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antimicrobial activity Antioxidant	Köse et al. (2010) Tunalier et al. (2004) Güvenç et al. (2005) Dorman et al. (2011)
Sideritis galatica Bornm. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Germacrene-D α-Pinene β-Pinene β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Zengin et al. (2016)
	Diterpenoids	Galaticat^b	Dişli et al. (2002)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory Antioxidant Antimicrobial Candida albicans inhibitory Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of essential oil	Zengin et al. (2014) Tunalier et al. (2004) Tosun et al. (2006) Dulger et al. (2006) Zengin et al. (2016)
Sideritis germanicopolitana Bornm.	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	N.W.
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	Xanthomicrol Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-allo pyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-glucopyranoside 4′-O-Methyl isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-allo pyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-glucopyranoside 3′-Hydroxy-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-glucopyranoside Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-d-glucopyranose Pinoresinol 4′-O-β-glucopyranoside	Kirmizibekmez et al. (2021) Adem et al. (2019)
	Phenylethanoid glycoside	Verbascoside Martynoside Leucoseptoside A Decaffeoyl verbascoside Lamalboside	Kirmizibekmez et al. (2021)
	Iridoid Glycosides	Melittoside 5-Allosyloxy-aucubine Ajugol	Kirmizibekmez et al. (2021)
	Activity	N.W.
Sideritis germanicopolitana subsp. germanicopolitana Bornm. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene Myrcene α-Pinene Sabinene Elemol	Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirimer et al. (1992)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalier et al. (2004)
Sideritis germanicopolitana subsp. viridis Hausskn. ex Bornm. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Myrcene α-Pinene β-Pinene Sabinene Elemol α-Pinene α-Limonene β-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirimer et al. (1992) Bayan and Aksit (2016)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antifungal activity of the oil and methanol extract Antioxidant	Bayan and Aksit (2016) Tunalier et al. (2004)
Sideritis gulendamiae H. Duman & Karaveliogullari (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol 7-epi-Candicandiol	Bondi et al. (2000)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalier et al. (2004)
Sideritis hispida P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids	β-Pinene α-Pinene Limonene Myrcene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Sarikaya and Canis (2019) Carikci et al. (2018)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	N.W.
Sideritis hololeuca Boiss. & Heldr. apud Benth. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene β-Phellandrene 3-Methylnonane Aromadendrene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirimer et al. (2003) Carikci et al. (2020)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Siderol 7-Acetoxy sideroxol Eubol Eubotriol 7-epi-Candicandiol ent-7α-Acetoxy-18-hydroxykaur-16-ene	Carikci et al. (2020)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Anticholinesterase	Tunalier et al. (2004) Carikci et al. (2020) Carikci et al. (2020)
Sideritis huber-morathii Greuter & Burdet (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Sidol Candicandiol Siderol Sideridiol 3,7,18-Triacetyl-foliol Foliol-3,18-acetonide	Baser, Bondi, et al. (1996)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalier et al. (2004) Güvenç et al. (2005)
Sideritis lanata L.	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Spathulenol	Kirimer et al. (2000)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antistress Antibacterial activity of the essential oils	Öztürk et al. (1996) Uğur et al. (2005)
Sideritis leptoclada O. Schwarz & P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene Germacrene-D	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Sidol 7-epi-Candicandiol Eubotriol Sideroxol 18-Acetyl-sideroxol 7-Acetyl-sideroxol Ent-7α-acetoxy-15β,18-dihydroxy-kaur-16-ene	Kilic et al. (2005)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Cytotoxic activity Antidiabetic	Güvenç et al. (2005) Ayar-Kayalı et al. (2009) Aydoğmuş-Öztürk et al. (2018) Deveci et al. (2020)
Sideritis libanotica Labill. ssp. kurdica (Bornm.) Hub.-Mor.	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antistress Antioxidant	Öztürk et al. (1996) Tunalıer et al. (2004)
Sideritis libanotica ssp. libanotica	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Siderol Sideridiol	Bruno et al. (2005)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Anticholinesterase	Güvenç et al. (2005) Korkmaz et al. (2017)
Sideritis libanotica ssp. linearis (Bentham) Bornm. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene β-Caryophyllene Hexadecanoic acid α-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Schulz et al. (2005)
	Diterpenoids	Sideridiol	Demirtas et al. (2011)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	3′-O-Methylhypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-Acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside 3′-O-Methylhypolaetin-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-allosyl-(1→2)-6‴-O-acetyl-glycoside	Demirtas et al. (2011) Adem et al. (2019)
	Activity	Antioxidant Antiproliferative Antiinflammatory Enzyme activity	Demirtas et al. (2011) Tunalier et al. (2004) Erdogan-Orhan et al. (2010) Tepe et al. (2006) Demirtaş et al. (2011) Yeşilada and Ezer (1989) Adem et al. (2019)
Sideritis libanotica subsp. microchlamys (Hand.-Mazz.) Hub.-Mor.	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	N.W.
Sideritis libanotica ssp. violascens (P. H. Davis) P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	N.W.
Sideritis lycia Boiss. & Heldr. apud Benth. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene Valeranone 1,8-Cineole	Kirimer et al. (2004) Baser, Bondi, et al. (1996) and Baser, Kirimer, et al. (1996)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Sidol 7-epi-Candicandiol Foliol Isolinearol Isosidol Siderol Sideridiol	Kilic et al. (2020)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Phenylethanoid glycoside	Verbascoside (acteoside) Martynoside Leucosceptoside A Lavandulifolioside	Akcos et al. (1999)
	Activity	Antiinflammatory Cytotoxic and antiviral	Akcos et al. (1999) Kilic et al. (2020)
Sideritis montana L. ssp. montana	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Bicyclogermacrene Germacrene-D β-Caryophyllene α-Pinene β-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2000) Kilic (2014)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant and antimicrobial Antifungal	Emre et al. (2011) Balkan et al. (2019)
Sideritis montana subsp. remota (d’URV.) P. W. Ball ex Heywood	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Bicyclogermacrene Germacrene-D	Kirimer et al. (2000)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	N.W.
Sideritis niveotomentosa Hub.-Mor. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Foliol 7-epi-Candicandiol Siderol Sideridiol Sidol Eubotriol Eubol Athonolone 7-epi-Candicandiol	Bondi et al. (2000) Carikci et al. (2012)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	Cirsimaritin (5,4′-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone)	Bondi et al. (2000)
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalier et al. (2004) Carikci et al. (2012)
Sideritis ozturkii Aytac & Aksoy (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Bicyclogermacrene β-Pinene α-Pinene	Kirimer, Tabanca, Demirci, et al. (2001) Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Epoxy-isolinearol Sidol 7-epi-Candicandiol Sideroxol	Sahin et al. (2004)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	Chrysoeriol 7-O-[2‴-O-caffeoyl-6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside] Chrysoeriol 7-O-[2‴-O-caffeoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside] Chrysoeriol 7-O-[2‴-O-p-coumaroyl-6‴-β-O-acetyl-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside]	Sahin et al. (2004)
	Phenylethanoid glycoside	Leucoseptoside A Martynoside Verbascoside	Sahin et al. (2004)
	Activity	Antioxidant and antimicrobial Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive Antioxidant Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory	Sagdic et al. (2008) Küpeli, Sahin, Caliş, et al. (2007) and Küpeli, Sahin, Yeşilada, et al. (2007) Tunalıer et al. (2004) Zengin et al. (2019)
Sideritis perfoliata L.	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	8α,13-Hydroxy-14-en-epi-labdane Limonene Viridiflorol α-Bisabolol β-Caryophyllene Myrcene Germacrene-D α-Pinene β-Pinene β-Phellandrene Limonene α-Pinene β-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Ozkan et al. (2005) Karaborklu (2014) Ezer et al. (1996)
	Diterpenoids	Ent-2α-hydroxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide^b Siderol Sideridiol Sideritriol	Sezik et al. (1985) Bruno et al. (2005)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	4′-O-Methyl-isoscutellarein-7-O-(2″-O-6-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside 3′-Hydroxy-4′-O-methyl-isoscutellarein-7-O-(2″-O-6‴O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosy1)-β-d-glucopyranoside Apigenin-7-O-(4″-O-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside	Ezer et al. (1992)
	Phenylethanoid glycoside	Acteoside	Ezer et al. (1992)
	Activity	Antioxidant Antistress Antiinflammatory Enzyme inhibitory activities	Erdogan-Orhan et al. (2010) Öztürk et al. (1996) Yeşlada and Ezer (1989) Sarikurkcu et al. (2019)
Sideritis phlomoides Boiss. & Bal. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene β-Caryophyllene Caryophyllene oxide α-Bisabolol	Kirimer, Tabanca, Tümen, et al. (1999) Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalier et al. (2004)
Sideritis phrygia Bornm. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Carikci et al. (2018)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalier et al. (2004) Güvenç et al. (2005) Tekeli (2012)
Sideritis pisidica Boiss. & Heldr. apud Benth. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Myrcene β-Caryophyllene α-Bisabolol Sabinene α-Pinene α-Pinene Sabinene β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Ozkan et al. (2005) Ergun et al. (2016) Deveci et al. (2017) Carikci et al. (2018) Arslan et al. (2021)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Antimicrobial Antiinflammatory Antidiabetic	Güvenç et al. (2005) Erdogan-Orhan et al. (2010) Dulger, Gonuz, et al. (2005) and Dulger, Ugurlu, et al. (2005) Yeşlada and Ezer (1989) Deveci et al. (2020)
Sideritis romana L. ssp. romana L. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Thymol	Kirimer et al. (2000)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	N.W.
Sideritis rubriflora Hub.-Mor. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	epi-Cubebol β-Pinene α-Pinene Germacrene-D	Kirimer, Tabanca, Ozek, et al. (1999) Kirimer et al. (2004) Chalchat et al. (2011)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Sidol 7-epi-Candicandiol Sideroxol	Bondi et al. (2000)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Candida albicans inhibitory Antioxidant	Dulger et al. (2006) Tunalier et al. (2004) Güvenç et al. (2005)
Sideritis scardica Griseb subsp. scardica	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene β-Caryophyllene Carvacrol α-Pinene β-Pinene Carvacrol	Kirimer et al. (2004) Baser et al. (1997)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	N.W.
Sideritis serratifolia Hub.-Mor. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Calamenene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant activity	Tunalier et al. (2004) Güvenç et al. (2005)
Sideritis sipylea Boiss.	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	α-Pinene β-Pinene Myrcene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	Linearol Siderol 7-epi-Candicandiol Linearol Isolinearol Epoxy-isolinearol Isosidol 7-epi-Candicandiol Siderol Sideridiol	Loğoğlu et al. (2006) Topcu et al. (2002b)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Candida albicans inhibitory Antioxidant	Dulger et al. (2006) Güvenç et al. (2005) Nakiboglu et al. (2007)
Sideritis stricta Boiss. & Heldr. apud Benth. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirimer et al. (2003)
	Diterpenoids	Sideridiol Isosidol Isolinearol Linearol ent-1β-Hydroxy-7α-acetyl-15β,16β-epoxykaurane Sideroxol 7-Acetylsideroxol 7-epi-Candicandiol Eubotriol Eubol Foliol Sideridiol Siderol	Şahin et al. (2006) Kilic (2006)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside Xanthomicrol	Şahin et al. (2006)
	Phenylethanoid glycoside	Verbascoside	Şahin et al. (2006)
	Activity	Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive Cytotoxic and membrane damaging effects Antidiabetic	Küpeli, Sahin, Yeşilada, et al. (2007) Erdoğan et al. (2018) Deveci et al. (2020)
Sideritis syriaca L. ssp. nusairiensis (Post) Hub.-Mor.	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Güvenç et al. (2005)
Sideritis taurica Stephan ex Willd.	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	Germacrene D α-Bisabolol β-Pinene α-Pinene β-Caryophyllene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirimer et al. (2003)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Antimicrobial and antitumour	Tunalier et al. (2004) Turker et al. (2018)
Sideritis tmolea P. H. Davis (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene α-Cadinol β-Caryophyllene Calamenene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Özcan et al. (2001)
	Diterpenoids	Athonolone Siderol Eubotriol Diacetyl-distanol 7-Acetyl-sideroxol	Carikci et al. (2007)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Güvenç et al. (2005)
Sideritis trojana Bornm. (E)	Mono and/or sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Pinene α-Pinene	Kirimer et al. (2004) Kirmizibekmez et al. (2017) Paşa et al. (2019)
	Iridoid glycosides	Melittoside 10-O-(E)-Feruloylmelittoside 10-O-(E)-p-Coumaroylmelittoside Stachysoside E Stachysoside G	Kirmizibekmez et al. (2012)
	Diterpenoids	7-epi-Candicandiol Siderol Sideridiol Isocandol B Candol A acetate ent-7α-Acetoxy-kaur-15-ene 7-Acetyl-sideroxol ent-2α-Hydroxy-8(14),15-pimaradiene^d	Topcu et al. (2002a)
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	di-O-Methylcrenatin Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-glucopyranoside, 4′-O-Methyl-isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-glucopyranoside, 3′-Hydroxy-4′-O-methyl-Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-glucopyranoside	Kirmizibekmez et al. (2012)
	Phenylethanoid glycosides	Verbascoside Isoacteoside Lamalboside Leonoside A Isolavandulifolioside	Kirmizibekmez et al. (2012)
	Activity	Candida albicans inhibitory Insecticidal	Dulger et al. (2006) Aslan et al. (2006)
Sideritis vulcanica Hub.-Mor. (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene Germacrene-D Caryophyllene oxide β-Pinene α-Pinene Germacrene D	Kirimer, Tabanca, Tümen, et al. (1999) Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant	Tunalıer et al. (2004)
Sideritis vuralii H. Duman & Baser (E)	Mono and sesquiterpenoids^a	β-Caryophyllene Caryophyllene oxide Spathulenol β-Pinene α-Pinene β-Phellandrene	Kirimer, Tabanca, Tümen, et al. (1999) Kirimer et al. (2004)
	Diterpenoids	N.W.
	Phenolics, flavonoids and derivatives	N.W.
	Activity	Antioxidant Antifungal Antimicrobial	Tunalıer et al. (2004) Dorman et al. (2011) Askun et al. (2008) Dulger, Ugurlu, et al. (2005)

N.W.: no work reported; (E): endemic.

^a Mono and sesquiterpenoids

^b Labdane diterpene.

^c Beyerane diterpene.

^d Pimarane diterpene.

Table 2. Structures of diterpenoids.

	R1	R2	R3	R4		R1	R2	R3	R4		R1	R2	R3	R4
1	H	OH	OAc	H	9	OH	OAc	OH	H	23	H	OH	OAc	OH
2	H	OH	OH	H	10	H	OH	OH	H	24	H	H	OH	OH
3	H	OH	OH	OH	11	H	OAc	OH	H	25	H	H	OH	OAc
4	OH	OH	OH	H	12	H	OH	OAc	H	26	H	H	OAc	OH
5	OH	OH	OH	H	13	OH	OH	OH	H	27	OH	H	H	OAc
6	OAc	OH	OH	H	14	H	OH	OAc	β-OH
7	H	H	OAc	H	15	H	OH	OAc	α-OH
8	H	OH	H	H	16	H	OH	OH	β-OH
					17	OAc	OH	OH	H
					18	OH	H	H	H
					19	OH	H	OH	H
					20	OH	OH	H	H
					21	H	OH	H	H
					22	OAc	OAc	OAc	H

Table

Number	Compound	Number	Compound
1	Siderol (ent-7α-acetyl-18-hydroxy-kaur-15-ene)	16	Eubotriol (ent-7α,15β,18-trihydroxy-kaur-16-ene)
2	Sideridiol (ent-7α, 18β-dihydroxy-kaur-15-ene)	17	Sidol (ent-3β-acetoxy-7α,18-dihydroxykaur-16-ene)
3	Sideritriol (ent-7α, 17, 18β-trihydroxy-kaur-15-ene)	18	ent-3β-Hydroxy-kaur-16-ene
4	Isolinearol (ent-3β,7α-dihydroxy-18-acetoxykaur-15-ene)	19	ent-3β,7α-Dihydroxy-kaur-16-ene
5	Isofoliol (ent-3β,7α, 18-trihydroxykaur-15-ene)	20	ent-3α,18-Dihydroxykaur-16-ene
6	Isosidol (ent-3β-acetoxy-7α,18-dihydroxykaur-15-ene)	21	Candol B (ent-18-hydroxykaur-16-ene)
7	Isocandol A acetate (ent-7α-acetoxy-kaur-15-ene)	22	3,7,18-Triacetyl-foliol
8	Isocandol B (ent-18-hydroxykaur-15-ene)	23	Epoxy-isolinearol (ent-3β,7α-dihydroxy,18-acetoxy-15β,16β –epoxykaurane)
9	Linearol (ent-3β,7α-dihydroxy-18-acetoxykaur-16-ene)	24	Sideroxol (ent-7α-18-dihydroxy-15β,16β –epoxykaurane)
10	7-epi-Candicandiol (ent-7α-,18-dihidroksikaur-16-ene)	25	7-Acetoxy sideroxol (ent-7α-acetoxy-18-hydroxy-15β,16β-epoxykaurane)
11	7-epi-Candicandiol-18-monoacetate (ent-7α-hydroxy-18-acetoxy-16-ene)	26	18-Acetyl-sideroxol (ent-7α-hydroxy-18-acetoxy −15β,16β-epoxykaurane)
12	ent-7α-Acetoxy-18-hydroxykaur-16-ene	27	ent-1β-Hydroxy-7α-acetyl-15β,16β-epoxykaurane
13	Foliol (ent-3β,7α, 18-trihydroxykaur-16-ene)
14	Eubol (ent-7α-acetoxy-15β,18-dihydroxykaur-16-ene)
15	15-epi-Eubol (ent-7α-acetoxy-15α,18-dihydroxykaur-16-ene)

Table

28	Diacetyl distanol (Ent-7α-,18-diacetoxy-16β-hydroxy-kaurane)
29	7-Acetyl distanol (Ent-7α-acetoxy-16β,18-dihydroxy-kaurane)
30	Athonolone (ent-7α,17,18-trihydroxy-9,(11)-ene-12-one)
31	Foliol-3,18-acetonide
32	ent-7α,18-Dihydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-ene
33	ent-15,16,17,20-Tetra-nor-5,9-dihydroxy-6,19-lacton labda-11-en (lactone diterpene)
34	ent-6β, 8α-Dhydroxy labda-13(16), 14-diene
35	ent-2α-Hydroxy-8,13-β-epoxy-labd-14-ene
36	ent-7α-18-Dihydroxy beyer-15-ene (beyerene diterpene)
37	ent-2α-Hydroxy-8(14),15-pimaradiene

Table 3. Structures of flavonoids.

	R1	R2
38	Ac	OH
39	OH	OH
40	Ac	H

Table

Number	Compound
38	Ozturkoside A (chrysoeriol 7-O-[2‴-O-caffeoyl-6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside])
39	Ozturkoside B (chrysoeriol 7-O-[2‴-O-caffeoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside])
40	Ozturkoside C (chrysoeriol 7-O-[2‴-O-p-coumaroyl-6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside])

Table

	R1	R2	R3
41	H	H	H
42	H	H	Ac
43	H	OMe	Ac
44	Me	H	Ac
45	H	H	Ac
46	H	H	H
47	Me	OH	H
48	H	OH	Ac
49	H	OH	H
50	Me	OH	H
51	Me	OH	Ac
52	H	OMe	Ac

Table

Number	Compound
41	Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside
42	Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside
43	3′-O-Methylhypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside
44	4′-O-Methylisoscutellarein-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside
45	Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside
46	Isoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside
47	4′-O-Methylhypolaetin-7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside
48	Hypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside
49	Hypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside
50	3′-Hydroxy-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside
51	3′-Hydroxy-4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1→2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside
52	3′-O-Methylhypolaetin 7-O-[6‴-O-acetyl-β-d-allopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside

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