Adipokines are possible risk markers for aortic stenosis requiring surgery

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart showing identification of cases and referents.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics.

	Referents/cases (n)	Referents	Cases	p
BMI (kg/m^2)	655/322	26.1 (25.8–26.4)	26.9 (26.4–27.4)	0.01
Hypertension (%)	545/269	49.2 (45.0–53.4)	61.0 (55.1–66.8)	0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	545/270	135 (134–137)	138 (136–141)	0.05
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	545/269	84 (84–85)	86 (85–87)	0.05
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	535/265	6.2 (6.1–6.3)	6.4 (6.2–6.5)	0.05
Glucose intolerance (%)	490/242	19.8 (16.3–23.3)	26.4 (20.8–32.0)	0.05
Smoker (%)	531/258	53.7 (49.4–57.9)	59.7 (53.7–65.7)	0.1
Creatinine (µmol/L)	647/310	73.2 (72.1–74.2)	72.3 (70.7–73.8)	0.3
Leptin (ng/mL)*
All	648/308	7.1 (6.6–7.8)	7.7 (6.8–8.6)	0.4
Men	334/155	3.8 (3.4–4.2)	4.0 (3.5–4.5)	0.6
Women	314/153	14 (12.8–15.4)	14.9 (13.0–17.0)	0.5
Surgery <5 years	145/68	7.5 (6.4–8.8)	7.1 (5.8–8.8)	0.7
Surgery ≥5 years	503/240	7 (6.4–7.8)	7.8 (6.8–9.0)	0.2
No CAD	257/127	8.7 (7.7–9.8)	8.1 (6.8–9.8)	0.6
CAD	389/180	6.3 (5.7–7.0)	7.4 (6.3–8.6)	0.1
Adiponectin (ng/mL)*
All	650/309	15.6 (15.0–16.2)	15.3 (14.4–16.3)	0.7
Men	335/155	12.3 (11.7–12.9)	12.2 (11.2–13.2)	0.9
Women	315/154	20.1 (19.1–21.2)	19.3 (17.7–21.0)	0.4
Surgery <5 years	146/69	15.6 (14.3–16.9)	16.3 (14.2–18.7)	0.6
Surgery ≥5 years	504/240	15.6 (14.9–16.3)	15.0 (14.0–16.2)	0.4
No CAD	258/127	16.2 (15.1–17.3)	16.9 (15.3–18.6)	0.5
CAD	390/181	15.2 (14.5–16.0)	14.2 (13.1–15.5)	0.2

Values shown are numbers, means (*geometric) and proportions with 95% confidence interval. P-values were based on Students t-test. Bold text indicates p-value <0.05. BP: blood pressure, BMI:body mass index, and CAD: coronary artery disease. 

Table 2. Univariable analysis in the discovery cohort.

	R/C (n)	All	R/C (n)	No CAD	R/C (n)	CAD
Leptin (ln-Z-score)
All (missing)	602/308	1.06 (0.87–1.28)
All	671/336	1.10 (0.92–1.32)	264/132	0.88 (0.65–1.19)	405/203	1.25 (0.99–1.57)
Men	349/175	1.09 (0.85–1.40)	108/54	0.72 (0.46–1.13)	239/120	1.32 (0.97–1.81)
Women	322/161	1.11 (0.85–1.45)	156/78	1.05 (0.68–1.60)	166/83	1.16 (0.82–1.63)
Surgery <5 years	148/74	0.86 (0.57–1.29)	62/31	1.01 (0.52–1.98)	84/42	0.78 (0.46–1.30)
Surgery ≥5 years	523/262	1.17 (0.96–1.44)	202/101	0.85 (0.60–1.19)	321/161	1.41 (1.08–1.84)
Age <60 years	140/70	1.15 (0.74–1.79)	100/50	1.02 (0.59–1.75)	40/20	1.47 (0.67–3.23)
Age ≥60 years	531/266	1.09 (0.89–1.33)	164/82	0.82 (0.56–1.19)	365/183	1.23 (0.96–1.56)
Adiponectin (ln-Z-score)
All (missing)	605/309	0.95 (0.81–1.11)
All	671/336	0.95 (0.82–1.11)	264/132	1.11 (0.87–1.42)	405/203	0.85 (0.69–1.03)
Men	349/175	1.00 (0.81–1.23)	108/54	1.33 (0.89–1.99)	239/120	0.86 (0.66–1.11)
Women	322/161	0.91 (0.73–1.13)	156/78	0.99 (0.72–1.35)	166/83	0.83 (0.61–1.14)
Surgery <5 years	148/74	1.10 (0.77–1.57)	62/31	1.26 (0.71–2.23)	84/42	0.92 (0.57–1.49)
Surgery ≥5 years	523/262	0.92 (0.78–1.09)	202/101	1.08 (0.82–1.41)	321/161	0.83 (0.67–1.04)
Age <60 years	140/70	1.17 (0.86–1.60)	100/50	1.12 (0.76–1.64)	40/20	1.29 (0.75–2.19)
Age ≥60 years	531/266	0.89 (0.75–1.06)	164/82	1.10 (0.80–1.51)	365/183	0.79 (0.64–0.98)
Leptin/adiponectin (ratio ln-leptin/ln-adiponectin)
All (missing)	600/307	1.25 (0.86–1.83)
All	671/336	1.32 (0.92–1.90)	264/132	0.82 (0.44–1.52)	405/203	1.73 (1.09–2.75)
Men	349/175	1.21 (0.74–1.98)	108/54	0.45 (0.17–1.18)	239/120	1.81 (0.99–3.29)
Women	322/161	1.46 (0.85–2.52)	156/78	1.29 (0.57–2.92)	166/83	1.62 (0.78–3.36)
Surgery <5 years	148/74	0.85 (0.34–2.12)	62/31	0.98 (0.21–4.47)	84/42	0.81 (0.25–2.57)
Surgery ≥5 years	523/262	1.44 (0.96–2.14)	202/101	0.79 (0.40–1.56)	161/321	2.00 (1.20–3.34)
Age <60 years	140/70	1.36 (0.63–2.94)	100/50	1.07 (0.40–2.82)	40/20	2.12 (0.53–8.50)
Age ≥60 years	531/266	1.31 (0.86–1.98)	164/82	0.68 (0.31–1.53)	365/183	1.68 (1.03–2.75)

Values shown are numbers (cases/referents) and OR with 95% confidence intervals. Bold text indicates p-value <0.05. R/C: Referents/Cases.

Table 3. Univariable analysis in validation cohort.

	R/C (n)	All	R/C (n)	No CAD	R/C (n)	CAD
Leptin (ln-Z-score)
All	211/106	1.78 (1.24–2.54)	77/39	2.01 (1.05–4.02)	134/67	1.67 (1.09–2.55)
Men	116/58	1.79 (1.14–2.82)	36/18	1.79 (0.78–4.11)	80/40	1.79 (1.04–3.08)
Women	95/48	1.75 (0.97–3.16)	41/21	2.51 (0.88–7.14)	54/27	1.47 (0.73–2.97)
Age ≥60 years	187/94	1.84 (1.26–2.69)	59/30	2.19 (1.05–4.58)	128/64	1.72 (1.11–2.67)
Adiponectin (ln-Z-score)
All	211/106	0.81 (0.63–1.06)	77/39	1.03 (0.64–1.66)	134/67	0.73 (0.53–1.01)
Men	116/58	0.75 (0.52–1.08)	36/18	0.77 (0.37–1.61)	80/40	0.74 (0.49–1.13)
Women	95/48	0.90 (0.61–1.32)	41/21	1.27 (0.67–2.42)	54/27	0.73 (0.44–1.19)
Age ≥60 years	187/94	0.79 (0.60–1.05)	59/30	0.92 (0.55–1.53)	128/64	0.74 (0.53–1.04)
Letin/adiponectin ratio (ratio ln-leptin/ln-adiponectin)
All	211/106	1.94 (1.20–3.13)	77/39	2.42 (0.90–6.48)	134/67	1.81 (1.05–3.12)
Men	116/58	1.95 (1.05–3.60)	36/18	2.30 (0.66–8.08)	80/40	1.84 (0.91–3.72)
Women	95/48	1.93 (0.90–4.13)	41/21	2.60 (0.54–12.57)	54/27	1.76 (0.75–4.16)
Age ≥60 years	187/94	2.20 (1.31–3.70)	59/30	3.27 (1.04–10.33)	128/64	1.97 (1.10–3.52)

Values shown are numbers (cases/referents) and OR with 95% confidence intervals. Bold text indicates p-value <0.05. R/C: Referents/Cases.

Data availability statement

Data from the NSHDS surveys are not freely available according to GDPR due to the presence of individual data. However, pseudonymized data can be shared after ethical evaluation and formal request (https://www.umu.se/en/biobankresearch–unit/research/access–to–samples–anddata/access–to–nsdd/).