Fifteen years of experience with the oral live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine: reflections on lessons learned

Figures & data

Figure 1. Plain language summary

Figure 2. Distribution of cases of rotavirus infection incidence per age group (data collected from 16 European Union countries between 2006 and 2016 [17])

Note:Arrows illustrate 2 potential series of a natural rotavirus infection in infants. First infections (red arrows) in unexposed infants can lead to severe consequences (in 0.4–3% of children under 5 years of age). Green/red arrows indicate potential asymptomatic infections (in infants with multiple rotavirus infections), with the 2 colors representing the proportions of asymptomatic versus symptomatic infections. The blue area under the curve represents number of all cases hospitalized due to confirmed rotavirus gastroenteritis.

Figure 3. Timelines of the HRV life cycle HRV, human rotavirus vaccine; World Health Organization; BSF, blow-fill-seal; UMV, universal mass vaccination program; PAHO, Pan American Health Organization; US, United States; NIP, national immunization program

Table 1. Vaccine efficacy data for HRV from phase III clinical trials

		Number of children			Vaccine efficacy, % (95% CI)
	Study	HRV	Placebo	Follow-up period, years	Any RVGE	Severe RVGE	RVGE hospitalizations	Ref
Europe	NCT00140686	2572	1302	1	87 (80–92)	96 (90–99)	100 (82–100)	[41]
		2572	1302	3	79 (73–84)	90 (85–94)	96 (84–100)
Latin America	NCT00140673	7205	7081	1	-	83 (67–92)	85 (67–94)	[34]
		7205	7081	3	-	81 (71–87)	83 (73–90)
Africa	NCT00241644*	2974	1443	1		61 (44–73)	-	[40,42]
		843	408	3	59 (36–73)	59 (1–83)	-
Asia	NCT00329745	5263	5256	1	-	100 (72–100)	100 (67–100)	[43]
		5263	5256	5		97 (88–100)	95 (84–99)
Japan	NCT00480324	498	250	2	79 (61–90)	92 (62–99)	-	[39]
China	NCT01171963	1575	1573	1	70 (54–81)	75 (45–90)	86 (38–98)	[44]
				3	58 (44–69)	72 (54–84)	81 (44–95)

HRV, human rotavirus vaccine; CI, confidence interval; RVGE, rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis.

Note: * Co-administered with oral poliovirus vaccine.

Figure 4. Reduction in rotavirus gastroenteritis cases and hospitalizations following introduction of HRV vaccination worldwide HRV, human rotavirus vaccine; HBRV, human-bovine reassortant vaccine; UK, United Kingdom; RV, rotavirus; VE, vaccine effectiveness [61–74]

Note: * Both HRV and HBRV are used.

Figure 5. Impact of RV vaccination on hospital bed occupancy in Belgium [123]

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