Figures & data
Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of ID delivery devices.
Table 2. Types of MAPs, antigen used and their development stages.
Table 3. Advantages and limitations of the different MAP designs.
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the ‘poke and patch’ technique by the solid MAP. solid MAPs are commonly used to penetrate the skin before topical application of desired drug or vaccine, allowing them to diffuse through the holes created by the microneedles. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the coated MAP. vaccines are dry coated onto the tips of the microprojections before application to the skin. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 3. Schematic representation of the dissolvable MAP. the desired drugs or vaccines are integrated together with the microprojections which dissolves into the skin over time after application. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 4. Schematic representation of the hollow MAP. vaccines/drugs are loaded into channels of the microneedle that flows through and into the penetrated pores of the skin when administered. Created with BioRender.com.
Figure 5. Schematic representation of the hydrogel-forming MAP. hydrogel-forming MAPs are fabricated with polymers crosslinked with gelatin which rapidly swells upon penetration into the skin and eventually releases the drug/vaccines into the microenvironment. Created with BioRender.com.
Table 4. MAP compatible adjuvants.
Table 5. MAP applicators and wear time.