Effects of COVID-19 home quarantine on pregnancy outcomes of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study

Figures & data

Figure 1. The timeline of home quarantine was used to collect the clinical information of patients with GDM during the COVID-19 outbreak. The patients with GDM were further divided into three groups according to different periods of pregnancy during home quarantine, including first (from 24 February to 24 May), second (from 25 May to 24 August), and third (from 25 August to 24 November) trimester. The non-home quarantine groups were collected from the same period of 2018 and 2019.

Figure 2. The flow chart of our study.

Figure 3. The total delivery and patients with GDM in 2018, 2019, and 2020.

Table 1. Basic characteristics of patients with GDM.

Variables	2018(N = 484)	2019(N = 468)	2020(N = 406)	X^2/F	p
Age (years)^a,b	31.00 ± 4.27	31.07 ± 4.04	31.69 ± 3.99	3.551	.029*
Gestational age (week)^b	38.98 ± 0.97	39.12 ± 1.04	38.91 ± 1.07	3.711	.025*
Gestational weight gain	13.18 ± 4.87	12.18 ± 5.03	12.82 ± 4.62	0.665	.515
Parity ^a,b	1.00(1.00,1.00)	1.00(1.00,1.00)	1.00(1.00,2.00)	3.002	.083
Gravidity	2.00(1.00,3.00)	2.00(1.00,3.00)	2.00(1.00,3.00)	0.988	.226
Fetal sex				0.245	.885
Male	246 (50.80%)	244 (52.10%)	204 (50.60%)
Female	238 (49.20%)	224 (47.90%)	199 (49.40%)
Fetal number	1.00 (1.00,1.00)	1.00 (1.00,1.00)	1.00 (1.00,1.00)	1.980	.139
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m^2)	21.79 ± 3.02	22.09 ± 2.99	21.69 ± 2.87	0.477	.490

^aThere was a statistically significant difference between 2018 and 2020.

^bThere was a statistically significant difference between 2019 and 2020.

*p < .05.

Table 2. Pregnant outcomes of patients with GDM.

		2018					2019				2020
Variables	Mean ± SD / n (%)	Crude OR (95%-CI)^a	p^a	Adjusted OR (95%-CI)^b	p^b	Mean ± SD / n (%)	Crude OR (95%-CI)^a	p^a	Adjusted OR (95%-CI)^b	p^b	Mean ± SD / n (%)
Gestational weight gain	13.16 ± 4.83	1.92(0.99,1.04)	.330	1.01(0.98,1.04)	.695	13.15 ± 5.03	1.01(0.99,1.04)	.325	1.01(0.98,1.04)	.498	12.78 ± 4.70
Gestational age(week)	38.91 ± 2.03	1.08(0.96,1.23)	.213	0.97(0.83,1.14)	.739	39.12 ± 1.03	1.20(1.05,1.37)	.007*	1.10(0.94,1.30)	.239	38.90 ± 1.07
Pregnancy BMI after(kg/m^2)	27.00 ± 3.25	0.88(0.61,1.12)	.519	0.97(0.57,1.63)	.893	27.27 ± 3.27	0.72(0.47,1.08)	.112	0.82(0.48,1.42)	.486	26.67 ± 3.10
Vaginal delivery	276(20.3%)	1.11(0.85,1.45)	.438	1.62(1.18,2.22)	.003*	269(19.8%)	1.14(0.87,1.49)	.347	1.63(1.18,2.24)	.003*	222(16.3%)
fasting glycemia ≥ 5.1 mmol/L	259(18.9%)	0.30(0.27,0.47)	<.001**	0.32(0.23,0.43)	<.001**	231(17.0%)	0.73(0.56,0.96)	.024*	0.66(0.49,0.90)	.009*	277(0.4%)
60 min glycemia ≥ 10.0 mmol/L	271(20.0%)	0.77(0.57,0.99)	.041*	0.71(0.53,0.96)	.026*	235(17.3%)	1.02(0.78,1.34)	.873	1.06(0.78,1.44)	.720	229(16.8%)
120 min glycemia ≥ 8.5 mmol/L	208(15.3%)	0.53(0.39,0.71)	<.001**	0.58(0.43,0.79)	.001**	200(14.7%)	0.77(0.58,1.02)	.071	0.85(0.63,1.17)	.340	258(19.0%)
Polyhydramnios	20(1.5%)	0.87(0.65,1.35)	.110	0.89(0.62,0.98)	.047*	17(1.35)	0.71(0.69,1.37)	.099	0.69(0.59,0.85)	.041*	27(2.0%)
Oligohydramnios	20(1.5%)	0.99(0.38,2.56)	.986	0.64(0.21,1.96)	.439	18(1.3%)	1.06(0.40,2.78)	.914	0.63(0.20,1.95)	.422	16(1.2%)

Note: 2020 was used as the reference group.

^aSingle variable logistic regression analysis.

^bAdjust: age, gravidity, parity, gestational age, fetal number, and pre-pregnancy BMI.

*p < .05, **p < .001.

Table 3. Fetal outcomes of patients with GDM.

	2018				2019
Variables	Crude OR (95%-CI) ^a	p^a	Adjusted OR (95%-CI)^b	p^b	Crude OR (95%-CI) ^a	p^a	Adjusted OR (95%-CI)^b	p^b
Neonatal weight(g)	1.00(1.00,1.00)	.231	1.00(1.00,1.00)	.219	1.00(1.00,1.00)	.859	1.00(1.00,1.00)	.893
Abdominal circumference(cm)	0.90(0.88,0.99)	.083	0.89(0.88,0.95)	.044*	1.00(0.99,1.01)	.656	1.00(0.99,1.01)	.600
Head circumference(cm)	0.98(0.97,0.99)	.001*	0.98(0.96,0.99)	.005*	1.00(0.99,1.02)	.628	1.00(0.99,1.02)	.790
Body length(cm)	0.92(0.82,0.99)	.032*	0.89(0.81,0.98)	.019*	1.04(0.96,1.13)	.315	1.05(0.96,1.16)	.281
Placental weight(g)	1.00(0.99,1.01)	.748	1.00(0.99,1.01)	.463	0.93(0.91,0.94)	.004*	0.93(0.91,0.95)	.004*
Placental thickness(mm)	0.94(0.91,0.97)	<.001**	0.95(0.91,0.97)	.007*	0.99(0.96,1.03)	.636	1.00(0.97,1.04)	.967
Placental length(cm)	0.89(0.82,0.96)	.003*	0.89(0.82,0.98)	.015*	0.99(0.91,1.07)	.706	0.98(0.90,1.08)	.695
Placental width(cm)	0.89(0.83,0.96)	.003*	0.90(0.83,0.97)	.008*	1.01(0.94,1.08)	.832	1.00(0.93,1.08)	.968
Umbilical cord length(cm)	0.99(0.97,1.01)	.365	0.99(0.97,1.01)	.333	0.99(0.9,1.02)	.746	0.99(0.98,1.02)	.934
In one-minute Apgar scores 9	0.46(0.34,0.63)	<.001**	0.49(0.35,0.69)	<.001**	0.46(0.33,0.62)	<.001**	0.47(0.33,0.63)	<.001**
10	Ref				Ref

Note: 2020 was used as the reference group.

^aSingle variable logistic regression analysis.

^bAdjust for age, gravidity, parity, gestational age, fetal number, and pre-pregnancy BMI.

*p < .05, **p < .001.

Table 4. Obstetric complications of patients with GDM.

	2018				2019
Variables	Crude OR (95%-CI) ^a	p^a	Adjusted OR (95%-CI)^b	p^b	Crude OR (95%-CI) ^a	p^a	Adjusted OR (95%-CI)^b	p^b
Placental accreta spectrum	1.33(0.82,2.14)	.250	1.17(0.69,1.97)	.562	0.97(0.62,1.53)	.971	0.88(0.53,1.48)	.637
Umbilical cord around the neck	0.75(0.51,1.11)	.149	0.67(0.47,0.96)	.028*	0.67(0.45,0.99)	.450	0.63(0.44,0.90)	.010*
Pre-term delivery	1.20(0.38,3.73)	.759	1.69(0.34,8.36)	.522	1.39(0.42,4.59)	.590	1.81(0.30,10.87)	.561
Fetal macrosomia	0.56(0.52,1.65)	.102	0.82(0.71,0.98)	.046*	1.17(0.71,1.93)	.548	1.44(0.81,2.56)	.210

Note: 2020 was used as the reference group.

^aSingle variable logistic regression analysis.

^bAdjusted for age, gravidity, parity, gestational age, fetal number, and pre-pregnancy BMI.

*p < .05.

Availability of data and materials

All data are available upon request from the authors.