Physical activity changes and influencing factors among Chinese pregnant women: a longitudinal study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the participants (n = 240).

	Number	Percentage (%)
Age (years)
<35	205	85.4
≥35	35	14.6
Nationality
Han	224	93.3
Other	16	6.7
Residence
Town	198	82.5
Country	42	17.5
Income
≤5 000	14	5.8
5001∼	67	27.9
10,001∼	121	50.4
>30,000	38	15.9
Occupation
Unemployed	36	15.0
Manual labor	48	20.0
Mental work	156	65.0
Degree of education
Junior and below	13	5.4
High school	18	7.5
Junior college	61	25.4
Undergraduate	125	52.1
Master’s degree of above	23	9.6
Pre-pregnancy weight
Underweight	36	15.0
Healthy weight	165	68.8
Overweight/Obese	39	16.2
Gravidity
1	131	54.6
2	63	26.2
≥3	46	19.2
Previous mode of delivery
None	173	72.1
Vaginal birth	30	12.5
Cesarean delivery	37	15.4
History of adverse pregnancy outcome
Yes	55	22.9
No	185	77.1
Mode of conception
natural conception	210	87.5
Unnatural conception	30	12.5
Exercise ≥150 min weekly before pregnancy
Yes	66	27.5
No	174	72.5
Exercise habits of husband
Yes	96	40.0
No	144	60.0

Table 2. Energy expenditure of physical activities of pregnant women (M(P₂₅, P₇₅), METs-h/d).

Category	First Trimester	Second Trimester	Third Trimester	M Value	p Value
Intensity Classification
Sedentary	2.20(0.63, 4.55)	2.44(0.67, 4.81)	2.55(0.63, 6.13)	10.268	0.006
Mild	11.91(3.75, 17.20)	12.77(5.68, 17.64)	10.28(2.79, 14.53)^1)2)	71.152	<0.001
Moderate	1.87(0.75, 4.17)	2.10(0.97, 4.58)	1.70(0.79, 3.61)^1)2)	37.285	<0.001
Vigorous	0(0, 0)	0(0, 0)	0(0, 0)	24.226	<0.001
Type Classification
Household/caregiving	9.60(0, 11.10)	9.86(0.23, 11.48)	6.40(0, 10.26)^1)2)	65.760	<0.001
Occupational  Activity	2.09(0.91, 4.28)	2.63(1.12, 4.36)	1.81(0.91, 3.93)^1)2)	30.093	<0.001
Physical Activity	0.31(0.06, 1.34)	0.34(0.11, 1.29)	0.27(0.06, 1.05)	10.602	0.005
Transportation	1.05(0.48, 2.48)	1.05(0.48, 2.48)	0.78(0.30, 1.73)^1)2)	82.498	<0.001

1) Compared with first-trimester pregnancy, p < 0.05;2) Compared with second-trimester pregnancy, p < 0.05.

Table 3. Dummy coding.

Variables	Dummy coding
Age	<35 = 0; ≥35 = 1
Place of residence	Town = 0; Rural area = 1
Family income(Yuan)	<5 000 = 0; 5 000∼<10 001 = 1; 10 001∼<30 000 = 2; >30 000 = 3
Occupation	No job(Z1 = 0, Z2 = 0); Manual labor(Z1 = 1, Z2 = 0); Mental work(Z1 = 0, Z2 = 1)
Education level	Junior high school and below (Z1 = 0, Z2 = 0, Z3 = 0, Z4 = 0);Senior high school (Z1 = 1, Z2 = 0, Z3 = 0, Z4=0); College(Z1 = 0, Z2 = 1, Z3 = 0, Z4 = 0); Undergraduate(Z1 = 0, Z2 = 0, Z3 = 1, Z4 = 0); Master’s degree or above (Z1 = 0, Z2 = 0, Z3 = 0, Z4 = 1)
Prepregnant weight	Healthy Weight = 0; Underweight = 1; Overweight or Obese = 2
Gravidity	1 = 0; 2 = 1; ≥3 = 2
Previous mode of delivery	None(Z1 = 0, Z2 = 0); History of vaginal delivery (Z1 = 1, Z2 = 0); Cesarean delivery(Z1 = 0, Z2 = 1)
Mode of Conceive	Naturally Conceived = 0; Non-naturally Conceived = 1
History of adverse pregnancy outcome	None = 0; Yes = 1
Prepregnant exercise ≥ 150 min	None = 0; Yes = 1
Husband’s exercise habit	None = 0; Yes = 1

Table 4. Analysis of influencing factors of exercise during pregnancy.

Category	βvalue	Standard error	Wald χ^2	p value	OR value	95% CI
						Upper limit	Lower limit
Constant	−2.296	0.900	6.511	0.011	0.101	0.017	0.587
Education level
Undergraduate	1.577	0.784	4.053	0.044	4.842	1.043	22.488
Master’s degree or above	2.039	0.855	5.685	0.017	7.686	1.438	41.086
Prepregnant weight
Underweight	1.171	0.329	12.708	<0.001	3.225	1.694	6.141
Gravidity
2	2.192	0.470	21.718	<0.001	8.955	3.562	22.517
≥3	3.014	0.662	20.739	<0.001	20.378	5.568	74.575
Mode of Conception
Non-naturally Conceived	−3.294	0.575	32.792	<0.001	0.037	0.012	0.115
Prepregnant weekly exercise ≥150 min
Yes	1.478	0.311	22.529	<0.001	4.385	2.382	8.073

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Suwen Feng, upon reasonable request. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.