Gestational diabetes mellitus enhances cobalt placental transfer efficiency between mother and infant

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of clinical, routine blood, and lipid parameters between GDM and control groups.

	Control (N = 65)	GDM (N = 49)	p
	Mean (Std.)	Mean (Std.)
Maternal age	29.43 (3.89)	32.47 (4.21)	<0.001
Perinatal BMI	25.34 (2.56)	25.96 (2.8)	0.240
Gravidity	1.98 (1.11)	2.39 (1.47)	0.206
Parity	1.38 (0.55)	1.49 (0.68)	0.492
Gestational age	39.27 (1.76)	39.12 (0.85)	<0.05
Birth weight (kg)	3.23 (0.44)	3.23 (0.39)	0.521
HGB (g/L)	121.2 (18.67)	123.31 (11.36)	0.606
RBC (×10^12/L)	3.91 (0.6)	4.07 (0.48)	0.335
HCT (%)	40.98 (38.96)	37.04 (3.27)	0.501
MCV (fL)	91.26 (12.61)	92.4 (6.8)	0.514
MCH (pg)	30.59 (4.31)	30.77 (2.63)	0.733
MCHC (g/L)	330.03 (42.68)	332.57 (9.7)	0.299
WBC (×10^9/L)	9.83 (3.26)	8.33 (2.31)	<0.005
NEUT (×10^9/L)	7.39 (3.23)	6.14 (2.2)	<0.01
LY (×10^9/L)	1.59 (0.47)	1.52 (0.47)	0.194
MONO (×10^9/L)	0.59 (0.22)	0.5 (0.17)	<0.01
EOS (×10^9/L)	0.08 (0.08)	0.05 (0.04)	0.214
BASO (×10^9/L)	0.01 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0.103
PLT (×10^9/L)	190.42 (60.16)	181.73 (45.79)	0.445
DBP (mmHg)	71.85 (7.22)	70.65 (7.98)	0.223
SBP (mmHg)	114.71 (9.96)	118.27 (11.47)	0.069
TG (mmol/L)	3.22 (1.48)	3.7 (1.7)	0.176
TC (mmol/L)	5.88 (1.85)	5.99 (1.18)	0.696
HDL (mmol/L)	1.87 (0.61)	1.91 (0.4)	0.968
LDL (mmol/L)	3.31 (1.23)	3.22 (0.92)	0.343

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; HGB: hemoglobin; RBC: red blood cell count; HCT: hematocrit; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC: white blood cell count; NEUT: neutrophil count; LY: lymphocyte count; MONO: monocyte count; EOS: eosinophil count; BASO: basophil count; PLT: platelet count; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.

Table 2. Distribution of metal(loid)s concentration (μg/L) in maternal blood.

	Control (N = 65)				GDM (N = 49)				p
	Mean (Std.)	Q1	Median	Q3	Mean (Std.)	Q1	Median	Q3
Mn	28.13 (11.11)	22.35	27.23	31.12	26.05 (9.6)	18.75	25.03	31.18	0.211
Co	0.62 (1.22)	0.050	0.245	0.721	0.7 (1.78)	0.002	0.200	0.538	0.236
Ni	2.37 (3.08)	0.004	1.550	3.483	2.86 (9.32)	0.004	0.004	2.989	0.167
Cu	533.3 (152.5)	437.6	496.8	612.1	636.5 (179.6)	506.2	591.4	778.0	<0.005
Ga	1.03 (0.3)	0.80	0.96	1.30	1.24 (0.33)	1.01	1.31	1.50	<0.001
As	4.61 (2.75)	2.50	4.75	6.70	5.7 (2.62)	4.41	6.11	6.99	<0.05
Cd	1.27 (0.81)	0.65	1.08	1.72	1.07 (0.61)	0.77	0.95	1.17	0.282

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; Q1: first quartile; Q3: third quartile; Mn: manganese; Co: cobalt; Ni: nickel; Cu: copper; Ga: gallium; As: arsenic; Cd: cadmium.

Table 3. Distribution of metal(loid)s concentration (μg/L) in cord blood.

	Control (N = 65)				GDM (N = 49)				p
	Mean (Std.)	Q1	Median	Q3	Mean (Std.)	Q1	Median	Q3
Mn	54.09 (22.3)	42.19	50.33	62.75	55.91 (53.32)	35.44	46.31	58.60	0.268
Co	0.47 (0.91)	0.002	0.250	0.480	1.09 (2.03)	0.137	0.410	1.060	<0.05
Ni	2.56 (4.26)	0.004	1.433	3.320	2.67 (6.61)	0.004	0.050	2.583	0.082
Cu	568.8 (150.4)	456.9	533.0	634.7	657.9 (167.2)	539.8	612.6	787.6	<0.005
Ga	1.05 (0.31)	0.80	1.05	1.28	1.23 (0.34)	0.90	1.31	1.40	<0.005
As	4.09 (2.54)	1.85	3.95	6.23	5.19 (2.58)	4.10	5.11	6.72	<0.05
Cd	0.12 (0.13)	0.05	0.10	0.15	0.11 (0.08)	0.05	0.10	0.15	0.706

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; Q1: first quartile; Q3: third quartile; Mn: manganese; Co: cobalt; Ni: nickel; Cu: copper; Ga: gallium; As: arsenic; Cd: cadmium.

Figure 1. Distribution of metal(loid)s placental transfer efficiency (%) in control and GDM group (G GDM group, N control group).

Table 4. Spearman correlation between parameters and metal(loid)s placental transport efficiency in pregnant women with GDM.

		Mn	Co	Ni	Cu	Ga	As	Cd
Age	r	−0.047	0.135	−0.495	−0.169	0.122	−0.01	−0.229
	p	0.749	0.476	<0.05	0.263	0.405	0.945	0.155
Perinatal BMI	r	0.125	0.471	−0.16	0.032	−0.014	0.026	−0.109
	p	0.397	<0.01	0.477	0.833	0.924	0.864	0.51
SBP	r	0.062	−0.002	−0.387	−0.327	−0.239	−0.031	−0.064
	p	0.675	0.992	0.075	<0.05	0.098	0.834	0.694
DBP	r	−0.056	0.149	−0.229	0.009	−0.08	−0.098	0.183
	p	0.7	0.432	0.306	0.953	0.584	0.509	0.259
TG	r	−0.025	−0.092	−0.181	−0.092	−0.155	0.002	−0.414
	p	0.865	0.627	0.42	0.543	0.289	0.987	<0.01
TC	r	0.114	−0.172	−0.093	0.145	0.015	0.093	−0.138
	p	0.434	0.365	0.682	0.337	0.916	0.529	0.397
HDL	r	0.011	−0.238	−0.093	−0.001	0.003	0.172	−0.186
	p	0.94	0.205	0.68	0.996	0.981	0.242	0.251
LDL	r	0.116	−0.204	0.19	0.114	0.085	0.104	0.074
	p	0.428	0.28	0.396	0.449	0.562	0.483	0.65
HGB	r	0.026	0.06	0.427	−0.038	−0.111	0.199	0.173
	p	0.858	0.753	<0.05	0.803	0.448	0.174	0.287
RBC	r	0.047	0.208	0.315	−0.155	−0.169	0.031	0.041
	p	0.75	0.27	0.153	0.303	0.244	0.835	0.801
HCT	r	0.103	0.17	0.398	−0.061	−0.192	0.177	0.12
	p	0.482	0.368	0.067	0.687	0.186	0.229	0.46
MCV	r	−0.11	−0.038	0.143	−0.117	−0.124	0.065	−0.032
	p	0.451	0.842	0.524	0.44	0.396	0.661	0.843
MCH	r	−0.192	−0.146	0.154	−0.059	−0.049	0.129	−0.027
	p	0.187	0.442	0.493	0.698	0.739	0.383	0.868
MCHC	r	−0.241	−0.298	−0.03	0.109	0.28	0.093	0.099
	p	0.096	0.11	0.896	0.469	0.051	0.528	0.543
WBC	r	−0.072	0.082	0.737	−0.033	−0.058	0.064	0.113
	p	0.625	0.667	<0.001	0.83	0.691	0.664	0.489
NEUT	r	−0.059	0.182	0.57	0.026	−0.057	0	0.054
	p	0.685	0.335	<0.01	0.863	0.697	0.999	0.74
LY	r	−0.018	−0.012	0.282	−0.072	−0.214	0.054	−0.042
	p	0.902	0.95	0.203	0.635	0.14	0.714	0.797
MONO	r	−0.049	−0.125	0.44	−0.096	−0.057	−0.035	0.096
	p	0.738	0.511	<0.05	0.525	0.697	0.812	0.558
EOS	r	−0.089	0.183	0.167	−0.115	−0.338	0.063	−0.248
	p	0.543	0.334	0.459	0.448	<0.05	0.671	0.123
BASO	r	−0.258	−0.306	0.12	−0.08	−0.157	0.104	−0.321
	p	0.073	0.1	0.594	0.598	0.28	0.482	<0.05
PLT	r	0.158	0.072	−0.026	0.079	0.124	0.05	0.092
	p	0.278	0.704	0.909	0.604	0.395	0.735	0.574

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; HGB: hemoglobin; RBC: red blood cell count; HCT: hematocrit; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC: white blood cell count; NEUT: neutrophil count; LY: lymphocyte count; MONO: monocyte count; EOS: eosinophil count; BASO: basophil count; PLT: platelet count; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Mn: manganese; Co: cobalt; Ni: nickel; Cu: copper; Ga: gallium; As: arsenic; Cd: cadmium.

Table 5. Spearman correlation between parameters and metal(loid)s placental transport efficiency in normal pregnant women.

		Mn	Co	Ni	Cu	Ga	As	Cd
Age	r	−0.109	−0.052	−0.076	0.081	0.078	−0.188	0.165
	p	0.389	0.748	0.648	0.547	0.538	0.148	0.238
Perinatal BMI	r	−0.262	−0.226	−0.005	−0.311	−0.28	−0.126	−0.023
	p	<0.05	0.16	0.977	<0.05	<0.05	0.338	0.871
SBP	r	0.028	−0.117	0.017	−0.063	−0.032	0.125	0.177
	p	0.825	0.467	0.92	0.64	0.803	0.338	0.205
DBP	r	−0.127	−0.119	−0.069	0.013	−0.104	0.216	0.133
	p	0.312	0.46	0.682	0.923	0.411	0.095	0.342
TG	r	−0.087	0.085	0.102	−0.374	−0.393	0.084	−0.165
	p	0.492	0.604	0.548	<0.005	<0.001	0.518	0.242
TC	r	0.039	0.038	0.114	0.033	−0.092	0.184	−0.094
	p	0.759	0.816	0.501	0.805	0.468	0.156	0.508
HDL	r	−0.096	0.101	−0.014	−0.096	−0.013	0.076	−0.121
	p	0.451	0.536	0.936	0.48	0.919	0.562	0.392
LDL	r	0.113	−0.029	0.063	0.221	0.056	0.149	−0.059
	p	0.374	0.859	0.71	0.098	0.662	0.251	0.677
HGB	r	−0.036	−0.204	0.246	−0.22	−0.151	0.044	−0.046
	p	0.777	0.201	0.137	0.098	0.23	0.738	0.745
RBC	r	−0.08	−0.107	0.194	−0.134	−0.16	0.042	−0.107
	p	0.528	0.505	0.242	0.317	0.203	0.747	0.446
HCT	r	−0.059	−0.088	0.247	−0.194	−0.162	0.09	−0.053
	p	0.642	0.586	0.135	0.145	0.197	0.491	0.706
MCV	r	−0.037	−0.019	0.056	−0.078	−0.083	0.011	0.012
	p	0.772	0.907	0.739	0.562	0.511	0.931	0.934
MCH	r	0.09	−0.171	0.074	−0.005	0.054	−0.024	0.039
	p	0.474	0.284	0.659	0.97	0.668	0.852	0.78
MCHC	r	0.16	−0.255	0.063	0.031	0.222	−0.182	−0.028
	p	0.202	0.108	0.708	0.817	0.075	0.16	0.841
WBC	r	−0.112	0.076	−0.263	−0.019	0.018	−0.167	−0.139
	p	0.373	0.638	0.111	0.886	0.884	0.199	0.32
NEUT	r	−0.068	−0.004	−0.262	−0.015	0.049	−0.197	−0.092
	p	0.591	0.98	0.112	0.914	0.7	0.129	0.511
LY	r	0.007	0.12	−0.065	−0.063	−0.096	−0.081	−0.327
	p	0.956	0.455	0.697	0.637	0.446	0.534	<0.05
MONO	r	−0.209	0.009	−0.068	−0.182	0.024	−0.019	−0.188
	p	0.095	0.953	0.683	0.171	0.849	0.881	0.178
EOS	r	−0.16	0.219	−0.005	−0.178	−0.209	0.041	−0.127
	p	0.202	0.17	0.974	0.18	0.094	0.755	0.364
BASO	r	−0.009	−0.067	0.066	0.028	0.008	−0.107	−0.174
	p	0.941	0.676	0.695	0.833	0.947	0.412	0.212
PLT	r	0.084	0.138	0.22	−0.099	−0.05	−0.132	−0.235
	p	0.508	0.391	0.185	0.458	0.695	0.311	0.09

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; HGB: hemoglobin; RBC: red blood cell count; HCT: hematocrit; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC: white blood cell count; NEUT: neutrophil count; LY: lymphocyte count; MONO: monocyte count; EOS: eosinophil count; BASO: basophil count; PLT: platelet count; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Mn: manganese; Co: cobalt; Ni: nickel; Cu: copper; Ga: gallium; As: arsenic; and Cd: cadmium.

Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials.