Is Airway Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Events?

Figures & data

Figure 1 Adjusted mortality risk by percentage predicted forced expiratory value over 1 second (FEV₁) in men and women ([24]).

Figure 2 Percentages of individuals with C-reactive protein ≥ 10.0 mg/L, stratified by smoking status and lung function category ([44]). Reprinted from Mannino DM, Ford ES, Redd SC. Obstructive and restrictive lung disease and markers of inflammation: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination. Am J Med, 114, 758–762, Copyright (2003), with permission from Exerpta Medica Inc.

Figure 3 Cardiovascular event-free survival according to base-line quintiles of C-reactive protein and LDL-cholesterol. (The values for C-reactive protein for first quintile = ≤ 0.49 mg/litre; second quintile = > 0.49 to 1.08 mg/liter; third quintile = > 1.08 to 2.09 mg/litre, fourth quintile = > 2.09 to 4.19 mg/liter and fifth quintile = > 4.19 mg/litre. The values for LDL-cholesterol for first quintile = ≤ 97.6 mg/deciliter, second quintile = > 97.6 to 115.4 mg/deciliter, third quintile = > 115.4 to 132.2 mg/deciliter, fourth quintile = > 132.2 to 153.9 mg/deciliter and fifth quintile = > 153.9 mg/deciliter) ([52]). [Reproduced with permission from Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1557−1565. Copyright © 2002 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.]

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Mannino D M, Ford E S, Redd S C. Obstructive and restrictive lung disease and markers of inflammation: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination. Am J Med 2003; 114: 758–762, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]

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Ridker P M, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring J E, Cook N R. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1557–1565, [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]

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