Differing Expression of Cytokines and Tumor Markers in Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema Compared to Emphysema and Pulmonary Fibrosis

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the CPFE, emphysema, and IPF groups.

	CPFE (n = 38)	Emphysema (n = 50)	IPF (n = 34)	p values
Age (years)^*	75.0 ± 1.2	74.3 ± 1.3	72.1 ± 1.1	0.287
Sex
Female	7(18.4%)	11(22.0%)	10(29.4%)	0.530
Male	31(81.6%)	39(78.0%)	24(70.6%)
Smoking status
Never smoked	9(23.7%)	13(26.0%)	16(47.1%)	0.187
≤40 pack years	16(42.1%)	18(36.0%)	8(23.5%)
>40 pack years	13(34.2%)	19(38.0%)	10(29.4%)
Current smoker	22(75.9%)	24(64.9%)	8(44.4%)	0.091
Ex-smoker	7(24.1%)	13(35.1%)	10(55.6%)
Pulmonary function test^*
FEV1 (%pred)	47.7 ± 2.7	34.9 ± 1.9	61.7 ± 1.8	0.000
FEV1/FVC(%)	62.6 ± 2.0	55.6 ± 2.0	91.6 ± 0.8	0.000
TLC(%pred)	69.1 ± 1.2	110.9 ± 1.5	53.5 ± 1.4	0.000
RV/TLC(%)	46.6 ± 0.9	57.6 ± 0.7	38.5 ± 1.4	0.000
DLCO(%pred)	45.5 ± 1.4	54.4 ± 2.0	38.2 ± 1.8	0.000

^* Data are presented as mean ± SE.

CPFE, combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; RV, residual volume; TLC, total lung capacity; DLCO, diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide.

Figure 1. The concentrations of VEGF (A), TGF-β₁ (B) and KL-6 (C) in different groups. Data were expressed as scatterplots with median lines and interquartile range. CPFE: combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. TGF-β₁: transforming growth factor-β₁. KL-6: Krebs Von Den Lungen-6.

Figure 2. The concentrations of MMP-9 (A), TIMP-1 (B) and ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 (C) in different groups. Data were expressed as scatterplots with median lines and interquartile range. CPFE: combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9. TIMP −1: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1. *: p < 0.05.

Figure 3. The concentrations of CYFRA21-1 (A) and SCC (B) in different groups. Data were expressed as scatterplots with median lines and interquartile range. CPFE: combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. CYFRA21-1: cytokeratin 19 fragment. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma antigen. *: p < 0.05.

Figure 4. The telomerase activity in different groups. Data were expressed as scatterplots with median lines and interquartile range. CPFE: combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.