Association of raisin consumption with nutrient intake, diet quality, and health risk factors in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2012

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of adult raisin consumers, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012.

Variables	Non-consumers	Consumers	p^a
Sample (n)	29,226	458
Age (years)	46.4 ± 0.3	54.1 ± 1.2	< 0.0001
Gender
Male (%)	49.4 ± 0.3	39.9 ± 3.2	0.0033
Race/ethnicity
Mexican American (%)	7.94 ± 0.66	3.78 ± 0.99	0.0005
Other Hispanic (%)	4.66 ± 0.50	3.69 ± 0.67	0.2459
Non-Hispanic white (%)	70.3 ± 1.4	81.5 ± 2.1	< 0.0001
Non-Hispanic black (%)	11.4 ± 0.8	7.87 ± 1.28	0.0165
Other (%)	5.66 ± 0.32	3.14 ± 1.02	0.0186
Poverty–income ratio	2.97 ± 0.03	3.44 ± 0.12	0.0003
Smoker (%)	24.0 ± 0.5	8.18 ± 1.88	< 0.0001
Physical activity
Sedentary (%)	27.7 ± 0.6	19.6 ± 2.1	0.0002
Moderate (%)	34.9 ± 0.4	39.5 ± 4.1	0.2657
Vigorous (%)	37.4 ± 0.7	40.9 ± 3.8	0.3584

Data are shown as mean ± SE.

^ap value for difference between raisin consumers and non-consumers.

Table 2. Energy and nutrient intakes in adult raisin consumers (n = 458) and non-consumers (n = 29,226): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012, gender-combined data.

Variables^a	Non-consumers	Consumers	p^b
Energy (kcal)	2074 ± 9	2257 ± 44	0.0001
Protein (g)	82.2 ± 0.3	81.0 ± 1.5	0.4176
Carbohydrate (g)	261 ± 1	282 ± 4	< 0.0001
Dietary fiber (g)	16.5 ± 0.1	22.1 ± 0.8	< 0.0001
Total sugars (g)	116 ± 1	129 ± 4	0.0011
Added sugars (tsp)	18.0 ± 0.2	14.9 ± 0.7	0.0001
Total fat (g)	78.0 ± 0.3	72.1 ± 1.6	0.0004
MUFA (g)	28.8 ± 0.1	26.3 ± 0.7	0.0005
PUFA (g)	17.3 ± 0.1	18.1 ± 0.6	0.1921
SFA (g)	25.0 ± 0.1	21.3 ± 0.9	< 0.0001
Cholesterol (mg)	298 ± 2	231 ± 11	< 0.0001
Calcium (mg)	861 ± 6	886 ± 28	0.4032
Copper (mg)	1.33 ± 0.02	1.60 ± 0.05	< 0.0001
Iron (mg)	15.1 ± 0.2	16.2 ± 0.4	0.0106
Magnesium (mg)	290 ± 1	355 ± 11	< 0.0001
Phosphorus (mg)	1312 ± 5	1364 ± 27	0.0657
Potassium (mg)	2665 ± 10	3084 ± 77	< 0.0001
Selenium (µg)	112 ± 1	106 ± 3	0.0363
Sodium (mg)	3541 ± 17	3190 ± 78	< 0.0001
Zinc (mg)	11.7 ± 0.2	11.6 ± 0.4	0.9154
Vitamin A (µg)	589 ± 12	653 ± 36	0.0939
β-Carotene (µg)	2119 ± 50	3204 ± 340	0.0025
Thiamin (mg)	1.59 ± 0.02	1.62 ± 0.05	0.5114
Riboflavin (mg)	2.03 ± 0.03	2.04 ± 0.07	0.8993
Niacin (mg)	24.4 ± 0.1	24.4 ± 0.6	0.9967
Total folate (µg)	405 ± 3	432 ± 14	0.0648
Vitamin B6 (mg)	1.98 ± 0.03	2.12 ± 0.08	0.0972
Vitamin B12 (µg)	5.21 ± 0.18	4.48 ± 0.30	0.0114
Vitamin C (mg)	94.4 ± 1.2	117 ± 8	0.0081
Vitamin D (µg)	4.45 ± 0.15	4.06 ± 0.34	0.2297
Vitamin E (mg)	7.31 ± 0.12	8.92 ± 0.47	0.0007
Vitamin K (µg)	102 ± 2	156 ± 19	0.0073

Data are shown as least square mean ± SE.

^aValues were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, poverty–income ratio, physical activity level, current smoking status, alcohol, and energy intake (except for energy).

^bp value for difference between raisin consumers and non-consumers.

MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.

Table 3. Intake of MyPlate food groups in adult raisin consumers (n = 458) and non-consumers (n = 29,226): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012, gender-combined data.

Variables^a	Non-consumers	Consumers	p^b
Total fruit (cup eq.)	1.07 ± 0.04	1.84 ± 0.11	< 0.0001
Whole fruit (cup eq.)	0.66 ± 0.03	1.39 ± 0.10	< 0.0001
Total vegetable (cup eq.)	1.54 ± 0.03	1.88 ± 0.10	0.0005
Total grain (oz eq.)	6.73 ± 0.09	6.66 ± 0.21	0.7669
Whole grain (oz eq.)	0.70 ± 0.04	1.47 ± 0.10	< 0.0001
Total dairy (cup eq.)	1.36 ± 0.05	1.38 ± 0.09	0.8195
Total protein group (oz eq.)	6.27 ± 0.11	6.14 ± 0.24	0.5817

Data are shown as least square mean ± SE.

^aValues were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, poverty–income ratio, physical activity level, current smoking status, alcohol, and energy (kcal).

^bp value for difference between raisin consumers and non-consumers.

Table 4. Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) total score and component scores of adult raisin consumers (n = 458) and non-consumers (n = 29,226): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012, gender-combined data.

Variables^a	Non-consumers	Consumers	p^b
HEI-2010 total score	49.07 ± 0.20	61.40 ± 0.97	< 0.0001
Component 1 (total vegetables)	3.09 ± 0.02	3.45 ± 0.11	0.0017
Component 2 (greens & beans)	1.37 ± 0.03	1.93 ± 0.17	0.0013
Component 3 (total fruit)	2.31 ± 0.03	3.62 ± 0.11	< 0.0001
Component 4 (whole fruit)	2.09 ± 0.03	3.83 ± 0.09	< 0.0001
Component 5 (whole grains)	2.08 ± 0.04	4.21 ± 0.20	< 0.0001
Component 6 (dairy)	4.41 ± 0.04	4.58 ± 0.25	0.5022
Component 7 (total protein foods)	4.31 ± 0.02	4.22 ± 0.08	0.3107
Component 8 (seafood & plant protein)	1.99 ± 0.03	2.87 ± 0.17	< 0.0001
Component 9 (fatty acid ratio)	5.39 ± 0.05	6.17 ± 0.31	0.0112
Component 10 (sodium)	4.25 ± 0.05	5.56 ± 0.27	< 0.0001
Component 11 (refined grains)	5.72 ± 0.04	6.64 ± 0.25	0.0004
Component 12 (SoFAAS calories)	12.06 ± 0.11	14.31 ± 0.38	< 0.0001

Data are shown as least square mean ± SE.

^aValues were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, poverty–income ratio, physical activity level, current smoking status, and alcohol.

^bp value for difference between raisin consumers and non-consumers.

SoFAAS, solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars.

Table 5. Association of raisin consumption with anthropometric and physiological variables in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012, gender-combined data.

Variables^a	n	Non-consumers	Consumers	p^b
Anthropometric variables
Body weight (kg)	29,255	79.8 ± 0.3	76.4 ± 1.2	0.0056
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	29,115	28.8 ± 0.1	27.3 ± 0.4	0.0004
Waist circumference (cm)	28,519	97.8 ± 0.2	94.1 ± 1.0	0.0003
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)	22,355	19.2 ± 0.1	17.8 ± 0.6	0.0157
Waist to height ratio	28,410	0.59 ± 0.004	0.56 ± 0.01	0.0001
Physiological laboratory variables
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	28,496	71.3 ± 0.2	71.4 ± 0.7	0.9949
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	28,615	125 ± 0.3	123 ± 1	0.1623
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	28,076	199 ± 1	198 ± 3	0.9010
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	13,306	117 ± 1	115 ± 3	0.3731
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	28,075	52.3 ± 0.2	54.4 ± 1.7	0.2315
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	13,772	140 ± 2	131 ± 6	0.0951
CRP (mg/dL)	23,604	0.43 ± 0.01	0.37 ± 0.47	0.1694
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)	13,903	107 ± 1	104 ± 1.5	0.0191
Insulin (µU/mL)	13,639	12.6 ± 0.2	11.8 ± 0.5	0.0714
HOMA-IR	13,618	3.52 ± 0.06	3.20 ± 0.15	0.0335

Data are shown as least square mean ± SE.

^aValues were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, poverty–income ratio, physical activity level, current smoking status, alcohol, and BMI (only for variables not related to weight).

^bp value for difference between raisin consumers and non-consumers.

LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.

Table 6. Association of raisin consumption with odds ratios of weight/waist status and other risk factors in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012, gender-combined data.

Variables^a,b	n	Odds ratio (99% CI)
		Non-consumers	Consumers	p^c
Overweight	18,999	1.00	0.63 (0.42, 0.95)	0.0037
Obese	19,220	1.00	0.57 (0.35, 0.93)	0.0032
Overweight or obese	29,115	1.00	0.61 (0.41, 0.89)	0.0009
Elevated waist circumference	28,519	1.00	0.52 (0.36, 0.74)	< 0.0001
Elevated blood pressure	28,868	1.00	0.70 (0.49, 1.01)	0.0122
Elevated total cholesterol	28,337	1.00	0.75 (0.50, 1.12)	0.0614
Reduced HDL-cholesterol	28,336	1.00	0.77 (0.52, 1.13)	0.0745
Elevated LDL-cholesterol	16,057	1.00	0.96 (0.57, 1.62)	0.8342
Elevated triglycerides	16,432	1.00	0.76 (0.44, 1.32)	0.2038
Elevated CRP	23,604	1.00	0.05 (0.01, 0.34)	< 0.0001
Elevated glucose	15,426	1.00	0.59 (0.33, 1.07)	0.0220
Elevated insulin	15,204	1.00	0.66 (0.32, 1.35)	0.1320
Elevated HOMA-IR	15,188	1.00	0.59 (0.30, 1.18)	0.0517
Metabolic syndrome	20,759	1.00	0.46 (0.26, 0.82)	0.0005

^aRisk factors for physiological variables were defined as obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m²], overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m²), elevated waist circumference (> 102 cm for males and > 88 cm for females); elevated blood pressure (systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg); elevated total cholesterol (≥ 200 mg/dL), reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL for males and < 50 mg/dL for females); elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (≥ 100 mg/dL), elevated triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dL); elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (≥ 6.0 mg/dL); elevated glucose (fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL); elevated insulin; elevated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (≥ 4.0); and metabolic syndrome (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, namely having three or more of the following risk factors: elevated waist circumference, elevated BP, reduced HDL-cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, elevated glucose) [24–26].

^bValues were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, poverty–income ratio, physical activity level, current smoking status, alcohol, and BMI (only for variables not related to weight).

^cp value for difference between raisin consumers and non-consumers.

National Cholesterol Education Program: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). 2002. NIH Publication No. 02–5215. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

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