Interactions between nanoparticles and plants: phytotoxicity and defense mechanisms

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of the plant hormones upon NPs exposure.

			Tissue (impact/treatment)
Nanoparticles	Size (nm)	Plant species	Shoot	Root	References
CeO2	10 ± 3.2	Bt-transgenic cotton (Bt-29317)		ABA (−/100)	Le Van et al. (2015)
		Conventional cotton (Jihe 321)	IAA (+/500) t-ZR (−/500)	t-ZR (−/500)
γFe2O3	<50	Transgenic rice	—	ABA、IAA(−/All)	Gui, Deng, et al. (2015)
		Conventional rice
Carbon nanotubes (FeCo-filled, CNTs/Fe-filled, CNTs/MWCNT)	—	Rice	IAA (−/All)	IAA (−/All)	Hao et al. (2016)
Fe2O3	20	Peanut	ABA(−/250)	ABA(−/1000)	Rui et al. (2016)
			GA4 + 7 (+/10,1000)	GA4 + 7 (+/10∼1000)
			GA3(+/1000)	GA3(+/50,1000)
			ZR (+/10)	ZR (+/50)
			DHZR (−/2,10)	DHZR (−/1000)
CuO	30 ± 10	Ipt-cotton	IAA(−/10,200 ABA (−/10; +/200,1000) GA (+/all) t-ZR (−/1000)	IAA(+/1000) ABA (−/10;+/200,1000) GA (+/all) t-ZR (−/1000)	Le Van et al. (2016)

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of potential cell, DNA damages and detoxification pathways under NMs exposure.

Table 2. Summary of the plant antioxidant enzymes upon NPs exposure.

Nanoparticles	Size	Dose	Plant species	Enzymatic Activity	Symptom	References
NiO	∼23 nm	25–2000 mg/L	Tomato seedling roots	CAT, SOD, GSH exhibited higher activities of antioxidant enzymes	Oxidative stress, apoptotic and necrotic	Faisal et al. (2013)
CeO2	16.5 ± 6.8 nm	0–2000 mg/L	Romaine lettuce	POD was increased but SOD was decreased under 2000 mg/L CeO2 exposure	Oxidative stress, Increased nitrate-N level in shoots	Zhang et al. (2017)
CeO2	∼8 ± 1 nm	62.5–500 mg/L	Kidney bean	In contrast to the long-term exposure, APX, GPOX and CAT activities were enhanced to protect against oxidative stress	Oxidative stress; the level of MDA enhanced with increasing concentration	Majumdar et al. (2014)
CeO2	∼8 ± 1 nm	62.5–500 mg/L	Rice	CAT, GPOX, SOD, APX, DHAR and GR levels were enhanced in the root, but the trend is not found in the shoot	Oxidative stress; membrane damage; lipid peroxidation	Rico, Hong, et al. (2013)
TiO2	27 ± 4 nm	0–750 mg/kg	Cucumber	CAT was increased in all treatments, APX was decreased in high concentration	Increasing chlorophyll content	Servin et al. (2013)
CeO2 In2O3	10–30 nm CeO2, 20–70 nm In2O3	250 and 1000 mg/L	A. thaliana	CAT, SOD, POD and APX were significantly enhanced under CeO2 exposure, whereas only SOD and POD were promoted under In2O3 treatment; GT and GR were also increased under both NPs treatment	Oxidative stress, NPs disrupted the nutrient displacement, expression of iron-regulating genes	Ma et al. (2016)
Al2O3	Not specified	0.01–100 mg/L	A. cepa root	SOD activity increased on increasing the concentrations of Al2O3 NPs	Oxidative stress in a A. cepa root	Rajeshwari et al. (2015)
Nd2O3 and bulk	30–45 nm; 5  μm	100 mg/L	Pumpkin	SOD, POD activity increased, APX and CAT decreased under 100 mg/L Nd2O3 NPs and bulk exposure	Oxidative stress, the inhibition effects on plants growth and the necessary elements uptake was hampered	Chen et al. (2016)

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