Thoracic impedance monitoring in heart failure: from theory to practice

Figures & data

Figure 1. Measuring impedance using the band electrode method. (created with BioRender.com).

Figure 2. (a) Optivol index rising with decreasing thoracic impedance with return to baseline upon adjustment of HF medical therapy. 2(b): Heartlogic index rising with worsening impedance, S3 sounds, respiratory and nightly heart rate, indicating decompensation. 2(c): heart failure monitoring indices used by Biotronik devices including heart rate, variability, patient activity and thoracic impedance.