Physiological and cognitive responses to hyperoxic exercise in full water submersion

Figures & data

Figure 1. (A) Test procedure of the underwater performance test and the three continuous exercise tests (ConEx). Exercise intensity was controlled by individual percentages of heart rate reserve (HRR%) for low (low, 25% HHR), moderate (mod, 45% HRR), and vigorous exercise (vig, 75% HRR). (B) The underwater parcours setup for all underwater tests. (C) Measurement setup on the poolside for ConEx.

Figure 2. Ventilation (V̇_E) (L·min⁻¹) is depicted as individual data (dots), mean values (x), medians (horizontal line), and standard errors (bars) for the continuous exercise tests (Conex21, ConEx40, ConEx100) and exercise intensities (low, mod, vig) over the last 7 min of underwater exercise. Significant post hoc effects are indicated with *.

Table 1. Mean values and standard deviation are depicted for minute ventilation (V̇_E) (L·min⁻¹), heart rate (HR) (min⁻¹), velocity (v) (m·s⁻¹), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate [Lac^-] (mmol·L⁻¹), and post-exercise carbon dioxide output (V̇CO₂) (L·min⁻¹) for each exercise intensity (low, mod, vig). Main effects for GAS, INTENSITY, and GAS*INTENSITY are listed below. Significant post hoc differences to 29 kPa are indicated with* and for RT_incom with ^#.

In-Exercise							Post-Exercise			Inhibitory Control
		V'O2 (L·min^−1)	V'E (L·min^−1)	HR (min^−1)	v (m·s^−1)	RPE	Lac^- (mmol·L^−1)	V'CO2 (L·min^−1)	RT COM (ms)	RT INCOM (ms)	ACC COM (%)	ACC INCOM (%)
REST	29 kPa	0.37 ± 0.15	7.7 ± 1.6	71 ± 8		6 ± 0	1.1 ± 0.5	0.52± 0.12	344.9 ± 34.9	407.3 ± 39.7	99.5 ± 1.0	96.7 ± 3.2
	56 kPa		7.7 ± 1.9	70 ± 10		7 ± 1	1.2 ± 0.5	0.52 ± 0.13	343.0 ± 23.6	403.5 ± 29.1	99.7 ± 0.8	95.9 ± 5.0
	140 kPa		7.7 ± 1.5	71 ± 10		7 ± 1	1.4 ± 1.4	0.54 ± 0.13	344.9 ± 35.3	408.1 ± 39.1	95.7 ± 4.4	95.7 ± 4.4
LOW	29 kPa	1.11 ± 0.24	24.8 ± 6.8	108 ± 10	0.49 ± 0.1	10 ± 2	1.4 ± 0.6	1.50 ± 0.37	355.5 ± 31.7	410.3 ± 40.5	99.7 ± 0.8	95.4 ± 5.5
	56 kPa		23.6 ± 5.5	108 ± 10	0.50 ± 0.11	10 ± 2	1.4 ± 0.6	1.46 ± 0.42	350.8 ± 28.3	406.7 ± 34.0	99.8 ± 0.6	95.6 ± 3.7
	140 kPa		23.7 ± 6.1	108 ± 10	0.54 ± 0.10	11 ± 2	1.4 ± 0.5	1.47 ± 0.42	347.3 ± 31.9	409.0 ± 39.4	99.5 ± 1.0	96.2 ± 4.4
MOD	29 kPa	1.53 ± 0.31	36.3 ± 7.2	127 ± 11	0.64 ± 0.08	13 ± 1	2.3 ± 0.8	1.95 ± 0.40	346.9 ± 28.1	407.9 ± 36.6	99.2 ± 1.2	95.9 ± 1.7
	56 kPa		34.3 ± 6.9	127 ± 9	0.64 ± 0.09	13 ± 1	2.2 ± 0.8	1.94 ± 0.53	347.1 ± 27.2	406.6 ± 37.8	99.4 ± 1.1	96.2 ± 3.5
	140 kPa		33.1 ± 7.6*	127 ± 9	0.62 ± 0.2	14 ± 2	2.1 ± 0.7	1.95 ± 0.44	342.2 ± 27.2	399.3 ± 33.3	99.1 ± 1.8	95.2 ± 5.9
VIG^#	29 kPa	2.04 ± 0.38	54.2 ± 10.5	156 ± 9	0.72 ± 0.08	16 ± 1	4.3 ± 1.6	2.52 ± 0.48	348.4 ± 29.4	397.9 ± 33.8	99.4 ± 1.1	95.6 ± 4.3
	56 kPa		48.9 ± 9.8*	155 ± 10	0.72 ± 0.09	16 ± 2	4.0 ± 1.3	2.45 ± 0.63	341.8 ± 30.1	394.6 ± 34.1	99.5 ± 1.3	93.3 ± 6.7
	140 kPa		49.6 ± 12.3*	156 ± 9	0.74 ± 0.09	17 ± 2	4.0 ± 1.3	2.62 ± 0.63	335.8 ± 30.3	391.6 ± 33.6	99.5 ± 1.3	94.6 ± 5.1
Statistics	gas		p = 0.004; η2p = 0.356	p = 0.399; η2p = 0.062	p = 0.490; η2p = 0.040	p = 0.112; η2p = 0.148	p = 0.561; η2p = 0.040	p = 0.669; η2p = 0.027	p = 0.291; η^2P = 0.084	p = 0.618; η^2P = 0.029	p = 0.703; η^2P = 0.024	p = 0.588; η^2P = 0.032
	intensity		p < 0.001; η2p = 0.946	p < 0.001; η2p = 0.980	p < 0.001; η2p = 0.834	p < 0.001; η2p = 0.967	p < 0.001; η2p = 0.828	p < 0.001; η2p = 0.934	p = 0.068; η^2P = 0.169	p < 0.001; η^2P = 0.400	p = 0.159; η^2P = 0.125	p = 0.112; η^2P = 0.133
	gas*intensity		p < 0.001; η2p = 0.302	p = 0.922; η2p = 0.008	p = 0.341; η2p = 0.071	p = 0.065; η2p = 0.146	p = 0.061; η2p = 0.166	p = 0.717; η2p = 0.034	p = 0.457; η^2P = 0.062	p = 0.504; η^2P = 0.056	p = 0.902; η^2P = 0.017	p = 0.605; η^2P = 0.044

* = 29 kPa, ^#=RT incom

Figure 3. RT_incom and ACC_incom are displayed following rest and low (low), moderate (mod), and vigorous (vig) exercise by underwater fin-swimming (UFS). The three gas conditions are depicted in dotted-grey (21% O₂), striped-grey (40% O₂), and black (100% O₂) as means with standard errors.