Strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COPD in low- and middle- income countries: the importance of primary care

Foteini M Rossakia University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (Griac), Groningen, The NetherlandsView further author information

John R Hurstb UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-6040 View further author information

Frederik van Gemerta University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (Griac), Groningen, The NetherlandsView further author information

Bruce J Kirengac Makerere University Lung Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, UgandaView further author information

Siân Williamsd International Primary Care Respiratory Group, London, UKView further author information

Ee Ming Khooe Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaView further author information

Ioanna Tsiligiannif Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, GreeceView further author information

Aizhamal Tabyshovaa University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (Griac), Groningen, The Netherlands;g Pulmonology Department, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine Named after M.m. Mirrakhimov, Bishkek, KyrgyzstanView further author information

Job FM van Bovena University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (Griac), Groningen, The NetherlandsCorrespondence[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-2262 View further author information

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Figures & data

Figure 1. Prevalence (a), Incidence (b), Mortality (c) and Burden of COPD (d) in countries according to income level during 2000–2020 [Citation19,Citation21]

Figure 2. Drivers of good COPD care (Adapted by IPCRG from WHO Health Systems 6 Building Blocks Framework for Universal Coverage) S. Williams 2021

Figure 3. World map showing countries with (Yes) or without (No) operational policy/ strategy/ action plan to decrease tobacco use according to income (2019) [Citation42]

Figure 4. World map showing countries with (Yes) or without (No) availability of peak flow measurement spirometry at the primary health care level according to income (2019) [Citation80]

Table 1. WHO model list of essential medicines for COPD [Citation101]

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Table 2. Percentage of countries meeting the WHO medicine requirements for COPD (adapted from Ewen et al. (2017)) [Citation102]

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Strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COPD in low- and middle- income countries: the importance of primary care

Table 1. WHO model list of essential medicines for COPD [Citation101]

Table 2. Percentage of countries meeting the WHO medicine requirements for COPD (adapted from Ewen et al. (2017)) [Citation102]

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Strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COPD in low- and middle- income countries: the importance of primary care

Figures & data

Table 1. WHO model list of essential medicines for COPD [Citation101]

Table 2. Percentage of countries meeting the WHO medicine requirements for COPD (adapted from Ewen et al. (2017)) [Citation102]

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