A longitudinal study about the impact of an inclusive sports program in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants.

Category	N (%)
Sex
Men	22 (73.3%)
Women	8 (26.7%)
Marital status
Single	23 (76.6%)
Separated/Divorced	7 (23.4%)
Education level
Incompleted Primary education	12 (40%)
Primary Education	6 (20%)
Secondary Education	12 (40%)
University studies	0 (0%)
Medical background
Diabetes	6 (20%)
Obesity	7 (23.3%)
Tobacco dependence	14 (46.6%)
Others	11 (36.6%)

Table 2. Body composition results from AFISAL-INEFC test battery in pre-test, T1 (7 months), T2 (14 months), and follow-up (24 months) for entire sample (N = 30), Regular group (N = 13) and Occasional group (N = 17).

		Total group			Regular group					Occasional group
		Friedman			Friedman			Wilcoxon		Friedman			Wilcoxon
		M	X^2	p	M	X^2	p	P	r	M	X^2	p	P	r
Weight	Pre	81.48	6,237	.101	81.56	7,089	.069			81.42	3,387	.336
	T1	80.50			79.69			.131	−.297	81.12			.484	−.120
	T2	79.35			77.24*			.019	−.460	80.97			.289	−.182
	Fol	80.10			77.91*			.036	−.412	81.78			.619	−.085
BMI	Pre	28.74	7,062	.070	29.00	5,906	.116			28.55	5,067	.167
	T1	28.40			28.28			.099	−.324	28.49			.691	−.068
	T2	27.92			27.43*			.019	−.462	28.29			.185	−.227
	Fol	28.33			27.88*			.046	−.391	28.67			.670	−.073
HWR	Pre	.97	3,831	.280	0.97	4,925	.177			0.97	9,551	.023
	T1	.98			0.98			.167	−.273	0.97			.776	−.049
	T2	.96			0.97			.753	−.062	0.95			.255	−.195
	Fol	.98			0.95			.277	−.214	1.00			.059	−.324
∑ Skin folds	Pre	61.15	11,459	.009	62.76	11,129	.011			59.92	5,340	.149
	T1	59.54			59.26			.155	−.280	59.75			.953	−.010
	T2	55.34*			51.86*			.016	−.474	58.00			.943	−.012
	Fol	62.98			62.16			.937	−.015	63.60			.076	−.305
% Fat	Pre	24.98	9,298	.026	24.26	9,378	.025			25.53	4,491	.213
	T1	24.42			22.99			.136	−.293	25.50			.972	−.006
	T2	23.15*			20.60*			.046	−.391	25.09			.868	−.028
	Fol	25.82			24.24			.972	−.007	27.03			.061	−.321

*statistically significant changes (p = <.005) with respect to the initial evaluation.

Table 3. Physical fitness results from AFISAL-INEFC test battery in pre-test, T1 (7 months), T2 (14 months), and follow-up (24 months) for entire sample (N = 30), Regular group (N = 13) and Occasional group (N = 17).

		Total group			Regular group					Occasional group
		Friedman			Friedman			Wilcoxon		Friedman			Wilcoxon
		M	X^2	p	M	X^2	p	P	r	M	X^2	p	P	r
Two-hand Pressure Strength	Pre	63.21	3,482	.323	69.38	4,263	.234			58.48	1,166	.761
	T1	63.86			70.19			.264	−.219	59.02			.441	−.132
	T2	60.52			65.15*			.049	−.386	56.98			.660	−.075
	Fol	62.93			68.15			.610	−.100	58.94			.670	−.073
Balance	Pre	8.93	17,619	.001	10.53	8,322	.040			7.70	17,586	.001
	T1	3.36*			4.84*			.033	−.419	2.23*			.010	−.444
	T2	4.13*			4.61*			.007	−.528	1.70*			.021	−.397
	Fol	5.10			7.30			.208	−.248	5.47			.476	−.122
Flexibility	Pre	-5.67	2,988	.393	-5.34	6,823	.078			-5.91	17,586	.001
	T1	-5.55			-4.50			.258	−.222	-6.35			.689	−.069
	T2	-5.03			-5.42			−.432	−.154	-4.73			-.637	−.081
	Fol	-4.47			-3.53			.075	−.350	-5.17			.789	−.046
Lower Body Strength	Pre	28.52	6,761	.080	29.87	0,809	.847			27.57	12,401	.006
	T1	28.34			29.64			.859	−.035	27.42			.657	−.076
	T2	27.71			30.25			.965	−.009	25.90*			.023	−.390
	Fol	28.03			30.95			.916	−.021	25.96			−.078	−.302

*statistically significant changes (p = <.005)

Table 4. Functional aerobic capacity from AFISAL-INEFC test battery in pretest, T1 (7 months), T2 (14 months), and Follow-up (24 months) for entire sample (N = 30), Regular group (N = 13) and Occasional group (N = 17).

		Total group			Regular group				Occasional group
		M	X^2	p	M	X^2	p	r	M	X^2	p	r
Distance Walked (meters)	Pre	558.00	9,551	.023	570.61	12.634	.005		548.35	2.250	.522
	T1	575.16*			593.15*			−.431	561.41*			−.361
	T2	579.66*			606.15*			−.460	559.41			−.133
	Fol	561.66			584.92			−.185	543.88			−.086
% Theoretical Meters Walked	Pre	93.40	8,629	.035	95.51	6.143	.105		91.78	3.805	.283
	T1	97.87*			102.33*			−.489	94.45*			−.360
	T2	98.32*			101.40			−.350	95.97			−.248
	Fol	96.26			98.56			−.247	94.50			−.071
Max. uptake VO2 (0,1ml/kg/min)	Pre	12.81	10,598	.014	13.03	11.926	.008		12.64	2.500	.475
	T1	13.14*			13.48*			−.432	12.88*			−.378
	T2	13.18*			13.62*			−.460	12.84			−.156
	Fol	12.89			13.27			−.171	12.59			−.053
Max. uptake VO2 (1,15ml/kg/min)	Pre	17.44	9,147	.027	17.76	10.500	.015		17.19	2.396	.494
	T1	17.94*			18.46*			−.454	17.54*			−.346
	T2	17.96*			18.58*			−.432	17.47			−.138
	Fol	17.54			18.13			−.193	17.09			−.078
Initial HR	Pre	83.23	926	.819	85.00	2.554	.466		81.88	2.676	.444
	T1	83.93			85.46			−.165	82.76			−.024
	T2	81.10			81.69			−.151	80.64			−.067
	Fol	83.40			82.38			−.247	84.17			−.111
Final HR	Pre	128.93	3,569	.312	136.38	2.734	.435		123.23	1.676	.642
	T1	129.80			133.46			−.087	127.00			−.228
	T2	126.33			128.53			−.262	124.64			−.073
	Fol	126.80			129.46			−.199	124.76			−.039
% Max. Theoretical HR	Pre	69.97	14,018	.003	71.56	4.055	.256		68.75	10.788	.013
	T1	66.82			68.53			−.308	65.51			−.189
	T2	65.12*			65.86			−.075	64.56			−.231
	Fol	73.84			73.87			−.185	73.81			−.293
Initial Pulse Oximetry	Pre	96.43	3,827	.281	96.76	5.621	.132		96.17	4.893	.180
	T1	96.63			96.84			−.324	96.47			−.111
	T2	96.30			96.07			−.131	96.47			−.151
	Fol	95.93			96.30			−.313	95.64			−.161
Final Pulse Oximetry	Pre	97.33	13,246	.003	97.92	16.154	.001		96.88	4.292	.232
	T1	97.10			97.46			−.141	96.82			−.091
	T2	96.40*			96.07*			−.541	96.76			−.228
	Fol	97.00			97.23			−.212	96.82			−.062
Final Borg Dyspnea	Pre	1.63	3,471	.325	1.30	0.593	.898		1.88	4.875	.181
	T1	1.66			1.23			.000	2.00			−.092
	T2	0.36			0.38			−.220	0.35*			−.339
	Fol	0.83			0.92			−.050	0.76			−.193
Final Borg Fatigue	Pre	1.76	6,263	.099	2.30	8.811	.032		1.35	1.061	.787
	T1	1.26			0.80*			−.423	1.61			.000
	T2	0.63			0.61*			−.481	0.64			−.176
	Fol	1.43			1.07			−.307	1.70			−.097
Initial Systolic BP	Pre	112.00	55,217	.000	112.69	24.111	.000		111.47	0.583	.900
	T1	110.83			110.38			−.153	111.17			−.047
	T2	81.10*			96.53*			−.608	108.82			−.154
	Fol	107.33*			103.84*			−.521	110.00			−.063
Initial Diastolic BP	Pre	72.83	32,317	.000	72.69	29.009	.000		72.94	7.805	.050
	T1	71.16			71.53			−.097	70.88			−.146
	T2	64.00*			60.00*			−.604	67.05*			−.399
	Fol	64.66*			60.76*			−.595	67.64*			−.392
Final Systolic BP	Pre	131.30	12,549	.006	131.15	13.160	.004		131.41	2.744	.433
	T1	131.00			132.30			−.017	130.00			−.098
	T2	119.63*			116.15*			−.529	122.29*			−.353
	Fol	124.30			121.53			−.242	126.41			−.115
Final Diastolic BP	Pre	68.00	14,010	.003	69.23	11.588	.009		67.05	3.853	.278
	T1	65.33			66.15			−.271	64.70			−.259
	T2	63.16*			61.15*			−.417	64.70			−.270
	Fol	65.00			64.61			−.328	65.29			−.171
Systolic BP 5 min REC	Pre	118.50	23,403	.000	119.23	16.422	.001		117.94	8.536	.036
	T1	116.16			113.46			−.184	118.23			−.037
	T2	107.66*			105.00*			−.585	109.70*			−.335
	Fol	108.00*			106.15*			−.536	109.41*			−.367
Diastolic BP 5 min REC	Pre	68.33	8,517	.036	66.53	5.741	.125		69.68	2.290	.514
	T1	65.50			63.84			−.221	67.18			−.310
	T2	64.50*			62.69*			−.437	66.25*			−.357
	Fol	63,66*			62.69*			−.097	64.68*			−.384

*statistically significant changes (p = <.005)