Dietary Artemisia ordosica extract alleviating immune stress in broilers exposed to lipopolysaccharide

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition and nutrient levels of basal diet (dry matter basis, %).

Ingredients	d 1–14	d 15–28
Maize	51.68	58.49
Soybean meal	41.00	34.30
Soybean oil	3.00	3.00
Dicalcium phosphate	1.90	1.80
Limestone	1.10	1.20
Salt	0.37	0.37
Lysine (98%)	0.05	0.03
Methionine	0.19	0.10
Premix^a	0.71	0.71
Total	100	100
Nutrients levels^b
ME, MJ/kg	12.62	12.87
Crude Protein	21.84	19.95
Calcium	1.00	1.00
Available phosphorus	0.48	0.46
Lysine	1.40	1.20
Methionine	0.56	0.44
l-Cystine	0.40	0.37

a Premix provided the following per kilogram of diet: vitamin A 6141.5 IU; vitamin D₃ 1789.2 IU; vitamin E 7.99 mg; vitamin K 1.82 mg; vitamin B₁ 0.65 mg; vitamin B₂ 3.93 mg; vitamin B₆ 2.08 mg; vitamin B₁₂ 0.01 mg; niacin 18.06 mg; calcium pantothenate 6.65 mg; folic acid 0.59 mg; biotin 0.07 mg; choline chloride 332.28 mg; Fe 60.91 mg; Cu 6.01 mg; Zn 65.75 mg; Mn 62.3 mg; I 0.9 mg; Se 0.21 mg.

b Crude Protein was measured value, while others were all calculated values.

Table 2. Effects of AOE on growth performance of broilers challenged with LPS.

	Control diet		AOE diet		SEM	p-Value
	Saline	LPS	Saline	LPS		AOE	LPS	Interaction
ADG, g
1–14 d	24.59	24.31	24.18	23.29	0.583	.449	–	–
15–21 d	43.10^a	36.94^b	42.76^a	42.27^a	1.398	.006	.042	.024
22–28 d	55.67	56.03	54.82	59.90	7.446	.327	.411	.742
ADFI, g
1–14 d	40.51	37.51	38.60	38.92	1.152	.340	–	–
15–21 d	69.43^a	59.32^b	70.53^a	68.90^a	2.429	.012	.039	.063
22–28 d	120.57	119.38	118.88	119.13	5.467	.865	.935	.903
FCR
1–14 d	1.65	1.55	1.60	1.67	0.049	.288	–	–
15–21 d	1.57	1.63	1.50	1.60	0.041	.321	.061	.339
22–28 d	1.86	1.84	1.78	1.76	0.046	.169	.566	.982

ADG: average daily gain; ADFI: average daily feed intake; FCR: feed/gain; SEM: standard error of the mean. In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (p>.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (p < .05).

Table 3. Effects of AOE on stress and growth-related hormones of broilers challenged with LPS.

	Control diet		AOE diet			p-Value
Item	Saline	LPS	Saline	LPS	SEM	AOE	LPS	Interaction
21d
ACTH, μg/L	90.00^b	189.17^a	125.00^ab	147.50^ab	23.954	.878	.011	.091
CORT, μg/L	39.58^b	73.75^a	37.08^a	41.88^a	8.061	.054	.032	.093
GH, μg/L	12.73	8.07	13.79	8.17	2.498	.825	.049	.849
IGF-1, μg/L	17.54	13.86	16.33	13.54	1.399	.605	.037	.769
28d
ACTH, μg/L	88.75	141.35	103.75	93.00	16.618	.349	.351	.118
CORT, μg/L	38.75	54.79	42.00	41.50	5.732	.373	.172	.178
GH, μg/L	12.23	11.60	21.89	14.52	3.864	.147	.342	.441
IGF-1, μg/L	16.95	19.11	23.16	17.49	2.056	.274	.401	.070

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; CORT: corticosterone; GH: growth hormone; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; SEM: standard error of the mean. In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (p>.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (p < .05).

Table 4. Effects of AOE on serum cytokines of broilers challenged with LPS.

	Control diet		AOE diet			p-Value
Item	Saline	LPS	Saline	LPS	SEM	AOE	LPS	Interaction
21d
IL-1, ng/L	31.48^b	50.34^a	40.55^ab	40.36^ab	4.030	.909	.031	.028
IL-2, ng/L	45.56^b	56.67^a	43.06^b	45.83^b	2.675	.022	.036	.131
IL-6, ng/L	7.60^b	17.00^a	10.72^ab	12.81^ab	2.160	.816	.025	.133
28d
IL-1, ng/L	35.08	38.06	34.38	34.65	1.334	.119	.216	.312
IL-2, ng/L	49.33	60.50	55.00	59.33	4.245	.629	.109	.465
IL-6, ng/L	14.22	14.70	10.55	10.62	1.644	.019	.860	.895

IL-1: interleukin-1; IL-2: interleukin-2; IL-6: interleukin-6; SEM: standard error of the mean. In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (p > .05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (p < .05).

Table 5. Effects of AOE on serum immunoglobulin in broilers challenged with LPS.

	Control diet		AOE diet			p-Value
Item	Saline	LPS	Saline	LPS	SEM	AOE	LPS	Interaction
21d
IgA, ng/mL	57.75^b	109.00^a	42.33^b	67.00^b	14.379	.046	.016	.333
IgG, ng/mL	664.00^b	930.00^a	696.88^b	701.67^b	66.391	.079	.048	.044
IgM, μg/mL	4.45	3.83	4.74	3.63	0.587	.927	.187	.711
28d
IgA, ng/mL	74.75	80.67	65.67	61.25	17.442	.571	.991	.828
IgG, ng/mL	323.50	314.50	377.00	397.00	60.313	.343	.935	.835
IgM, μg/mL	4.24	5.79	3.60	5.79	0.758	.142	.151	.542

IgA: immunoglobulin A; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IgM: immunoglobulin M; SEM: standard error of the mean. In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (p>.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (p < .05).