Geotechnical assessment of seismicity and liquefaction potential at the Banarli landfill in Tekirdag, Turkey

Figures & data

Figure 1. Simplified tectonic map of the Turkey earthquake region and surroundings (compiled from Tan 2021).

Figure 2. Record of severe earthquakes along the NAF in Turkey.

Figure 3. Satellite photo of the research area-Banarli landfill site.

Figure 4. Historical earthquakes (between 1912 and today) in the Marmara Sea region (compiled from Aksoy et al. 2010).

Figure 5. (a) Structural damages (compiled from Sadi 1912) and (b) surface ruptures (compiled from Ambraseys and Finkel 1987) in the murefte earthquake.

Figure 6. Flowchart for the assessment of liquefaction potential (modified from Nath et al. 2018).

Table 1. Classification of liquefaction potential based on liquefaction probability (Juang et al. 2013).

Class	Probability of liquefaction	Class description
5	PL > 0.85	Almost certain that it will liquefy
4	0.65 < PL ≤ 0.85	Very likely to liquefy
3	0.35 < PL ≤ 0.65	Liquefaction and no liquefaction are equally likely
2	0.15 < PL ≤ 0.35	Unlikely to liquefy
1	PL ≤ 0.15	Almost certain that it will not liquefy

(Note: The data utilized for this classification has been sourced from the research conducted by Chen and Juang (2000)).

Table 2. Summary of acceleration and earthquake records of Kocaeli and Kobe earthquakes.

Earthquake	Kocaeli	Kobe
Ground motion characteristics	Near-field earthquakes	Near-field earthquakes
Moment magnitude (Mw)	7.4	6.9
Maximum acceleration (gal)	349.64	817.02
Maximum velocity (cm/s)	128.64	91.13
The largest displacement (cm)	169.04	20.53
Predominant period (sec)	0.42	0.6
Mean period (sec)	1.34	0.54
Vmax/Amax (sec)	0.182	0.833
Arias intensity (m/sec)	1.318	1.688

Figure 7. Acceleration of (a) the Kocaeli and (b) Kobe earthquakes at base rock and surface.

Figure 8. Spectral acceleration of (a) the Kocaeli and (b) Kobe earthquakes at base rock and surface.

Figure 9. Amplification factor of the Kocaeli and Kobe earthquakes.

Figure 10. Arias intensity of the Kocaeli and Kobe earthquakes.

Figure 11. Results of SPT test, shear wave velocity (V_s), and maximum shear modulus (G₀) in consequence of soil profile.

Figure 12. Results of (a) the probability of liquefaction (P_L), (b) liquefaction potential index (LPI), and (c) liquefaction risk index (I_R) in the Banarli area.

Figure 13. Cyclic resistance ratio results and factor of safety found by using liquefaction analysis by soil profile.

Tan O. 2021. A homogeneous earthquake catalogue for Turkey. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci. 21(7):2059–2073. doi: 10.5194/nhess-21-2059-2021.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Aksoy ME, Meghraoui M, Vallée M, Çakır Z. 2010. Rupture characteristics of the AD 1912 Murefte (Ganos) earthquake segment of the North Anatolian fault (Western Turkey). Geology. 38(11):991–994. doi: 10.1130/G31447.1.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sadi M. 1912. Movement of the Marmara basin (Marmara Havzasýnýn 26-27 Temmuz Hareket-i Arzi 15 Eylul 1328, Resimli Kitap Mat). Bull Am Astron Soc. 1:45.

 Google Scholar

Ambraseys N, Finkel C. 1987. The Saros-Marmara earthquake of 9 August 1912. Earthq Engng Struct Dyn. 15(2):189–211. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290150204.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nath SK, Srivastava N, Ghatak C, Adhikari MD, Ghosh A, Sinha Ray SP. 2018. Earthquake induced liquefaction hazard, probability and risk assessment in the city of Kolkata, India: its historical perspective and deterministic scenario. J Seismol. 22(1):35–68. doi: 10.1007/s10950-017-9691-z.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Juang CH, Ching J, Luo Z. 2013. Assessing SPT-based probabilistic models for liquefaction potential evaluation: a 10-year update. Georisk. 7(3):137–150. doi: 10.1080/17499518.2013.778117.

 Google Scholar

Chen CJ, Juang CH. 2000. Calibration of SPT-and CPT-based liquefaction evaluation methods. In: innovations and applications in geotechnical site characterization 2000, Geo-Denver 2000, Denver, Colorado, 5-8 Aug 2000. Reston, VA, USA: ASCE, p. 49–64. doi: 10.1061/9780784405055.

 Google Scholar

Data availability statement

The research data of this study can be obtained by requesting the corresponding author.