Mental health in adult refugees from Syria resettled in Norway between 2015 and 2017: a nationwide, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional prevalence study

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics on participating adult refugees from Syria resettled in Norway between 2015 and 2017

	n	(%)
Gender (n=902)
Male	582	(64.5)
Female	320	(35.5)
Age (n=902)
18–29 yrs	197	(21.8)
30–39 yrs	310	(34.4)
40–49 yrs	230	(25.5)
50–64 yrs	145	(16.1)
≥65 yrs	20	(2.2)
Education (n=882)
≤ 9 yrs	394	(44.7)
10−12 yrs	158	(17.9)
>12 yrs	330	(37.4)
Marital status (n=902)
Married/partner	595	(66.0)
Divorced/widow(er)a	71	(7.9)
Unmarried	236	(26.1)
Refugee status (n=860)
Asylum seeker	454	(52.8)
Quota refugee	273	(31.7)
Family reunion	133	(15.5)
Arrived with … (n=879)
… family/spouse	576	(65.5)
… friends only	56	(6.4)
… alone	247	(28.1)
Prior fam Norway (n=870)
Yes	276	(31.7)
No	594	(68.3)
Length of flighta (n=644)
<3 months	248	(38.5)
3 months – 2 yrs	158	(24.5)
2–4 yrs	162	(25.2)
>4 yrs	76	(11.8)
Time Norwayb (n=755)
<2 yrs	126	(16.7)
2–3 yrs	164	(21.7)
3–4 yrs	385	(51.0)
>4 yrs	80	(10.6)
PTE-AR (n=819)
<0.20	163	(19.9)
0.20−0.29	79	(9.7)
0.30−0.39	158	(19.3)
≥0.40	419	(51.2)

^aThe full category included: widow(er), surviving partner, separated/separated partner, divorced/divorced partner.

Table 2. Prevalence of checklist-positive (cp) mental disorders with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) in participating adult refugees from Syria

		cp-PTSD^>2.06			cp-PTSD^≥2.5			cp-Anxiety			cp-Depression
		Prev.	(95% CI)	X^2	Prev.	(95% CI)	X^2	Prev.	(95% CI)	X^2	Prev.	(95% CI)	X^2
Overall	Unweighted	34.7	(31.5–37.9)		14.9	(12.6–17.5)		31.7	(28.7–34.9)		40.0	(36.8–43.4)
	Weighted	29.7	(25.4–34.4)		13.1	(10.0–16.9)		30.1	(25.7–34.9)		45.2	(40.6–49.8)
Gender	Male	36.0	(32.0–40.1)	0.27	16.3	(13.4–19.6)	0.13	29.7	(26.0–33.6)	0.08	39.8	(35.7–43.9)	0.83
	Female	32.3	(27.1–37.8)		12.5	(9.0–16.6)		35.5	(30.2–41.0)		40.5	(35.0–46.3)
Age	18–29 yrs	31.8	(25.3–38.9)	0.02	11.5	(7.3–16.8)	0.07	31.1	(24.6–38.1)	0.02	37.2	(30.3–44.4)	0.10
	30–39 yrs	31.9	(26.7–37.5)		15.3	(11.4–19.9)		30.3	(25.2–35.8)		38.6	(33.1–44.4)
	40–49 yrs	33.3	(27.2–40.0)		13.1	(8.9–18.2)		27.1	(21.4–33.4)		38.2	(31.8–44.9)
	50–64 yrs	45.5	(37.1–54.0)		19.6	(13.4–27.0)		41.8	(33.6–50.4)		47.9	(39.3–56.5)
	>65 yrs	42.1	(20.3–66.5)		31.6	(12.6–56.6)		40.0	(19.1–63.9)		55.6	(30.8–78.5)
Education	≤9 yrs	32.6	(28.0–37.6)	0.31	13.2	(10.0–17.0)	0.31	29.7	(25.2–34.5)	0.64	36.7	(31.9–41.8)	0.18
	10–12 yrs	32.0	(24.6–40.1)		13.3	(8.3–19.8)		32.5	(25.2–40.5)		39.0	(31.2–47.1)
	>12 yrs	37.6	(32.3–43.1)		17.1	(13.1–21.6)		32.8	(27.7–38.2)		43.5	(38.0–49.1)
Marital status	Married/partner	31.4	(27.7–35.4)	0.01	13.1	(10.4–16.1)	0.04	28.9	(25.3–32.8)	0.02	35.2	(31.3–39.3)	<0.001
	Divorced/widow(er)	47.1	(34.8–59.6)		23.5	(14.1–35.4)		43.5	(31.6–56.0)		55.9	(43.3–67.9)
	Unmarried	39.2	(32.8–45.9)		17.2	(12.5–22.7)		35.4	(29.2–41.9)		47.6	(40.9–54.3)
Refugee status	Asylum seeker	36.7	(32.2–41.4)	0.35	17.1	(13.7–20.9)	0.24	32.4	(28.1–37.0)	0.54	44.0	(39.4–48.8)	0.03
	Quota refugee	31.3	(25.8–37.3)		14.0	(10.0–18.7)		29.0	(23.6–34.8)		35.5	(29.7–41.6)
	Family reunion	34.9	(26.7–43.8)		11.6	(6.7–18.5)		33.6	(25.6–42.4)		33.8	(25.8–42.7)
Arrived with …	… family/spouse	31.4	(27.6–35.4)	0.01	11.9	(9.4–14.9)	0.001	29.3	(25.6–33.3)	0.08	36.5	(32.5–40.6)	0.01
	… friends only	35.8	(23.1–50.2)		13.2	(5.5–25.3)		31.5	(19.5–45.6)		38.2	(25.4–52.3)
	… alone	42.1	(35.9–48.6)		21.9	(16.9–27.6)		37.3	(31.2–43.8)		48.8	(42.3–55.2)
Prior fam Norway	Yes	33.9	(28.3–39.9)	0.81	13.7	(9.8–18.3)	0.55	35.2	(29.5–41.2)	0.16	38.6	(32.8–44.7)	0.54
	No	34.8	(30.9–38.8)		15.2	(12.4–18.4)		30.4	(26.7–34.3)		40.8	(36.8–45.0)
Length of flight	<3 months	32.0	(26.1–38.2)	0.16	12.4	(8.6–17.3)	0.53	30.6	(24.9–36.8)	0.24	37.7	(31.6–44.1)	0.05
	3 months – 2 yrs	40.6	(32.8–48.8)		15.5	(10.2–22.2)		38.5	(30.8–46.6)		46.2	(38.2–54.3)
	2–4 yrs	29.8	(22.9–37.5)		9.9	(5.8–15.6)		30.4	(23.4–38.2)		37.7	(30.2–45.8)
	>4 yrs	30.3	(20.2–41.9)		13.2	(6.5–22.9)		27.0	(17.4–38.6)		27.4	(17.6–39.1)
Time Norway	<2 yrs	20.8	(14.1–29.0)	0.001	3.2	(0.9–8.0)	0.001	22.0	(15.0–30.3)	0.02	22.8	(15.7–31.2)	<0.001
	2–3 yrs	37.3	(29.8–45.2)		14.9	(9.8–21.4)		37.2	(29.8–45.1)		38.8	(31.2–46.8)
	3–4 yrs	35.4	(30.6–40.5)		15.3	(11.9–19.4)		31.1	(26.5–36.1)		42.6	(37.6–47.8)
	>4 yrs	41.1	(29.7–53.2)		20.5	(12.0–31.6)		40.3	(29.2–52.1)		48.1	(36.5–59.7)
PTE-AR	< 0.20	10.0	(5.8–15.7)	<0.001	3.8	(1.4–8.0)	<0.001	15.4	(10.2–21.9)	<0.001	20.6	(14.6–27.7)	<0.001
	0.20–0.29	23.4	(14.5–34.4)		10.4	(4.6–19.4)		21.5	(13.1–32.2)		23.4	(14.5–34.4)
	0.30–0.39	30.3	(23.2–38.2)		12.3	(7.5–18.5)		27.8	(21.0–35.5)		38.5	(30.8–46.6)
	≥0.40	48.2	(43.3–53.1)		21.9	(18.0–26.2)		41.7	(36.9–46.7)		52.5	(47.5–57.4)

Total number of participants with data on outcome variables: n = 877 (cp-PTSD ^>2.06); n = 877 (cp-PTSD^≥2.5); n = 886 (cp-Anxiety); n = 877 (cp-Depression).

Table 3. Prevalence estimates (95% CIs) and odds ratios, ORs, of checklist-positive (cp) mental disorders by potentially traumatic experiences (PTEs)

			cp-PTSD ^>2.06			cp-PTSD ^≥2.5			cp-Anxiety			cp-Depression
		n	Prev	95% CI	OR^1/OR^2	Prev	95% CI	OR^1/OR^2	Prev	95% CI	OR^1/OR^2	Prev	95% CI	OR^1/OR^2
Before flight (premigratory PTEs)
War at close quarter	-	41	10.0	(2.8−23.7)		5.0	(0.6−16.9)		14.6	(5.6−29.2)		24.4	(12.4−40.3)
	+	840	35.7	(32.4−39.1)	4.7b/1.5	15.2	(12.8−17.8)	3.1/1.3	32.3	(29.1−35.6)	2.4b/1.1	40.9	(37.5−44.3)	2.0/0.8
Forced separation from fam/friends	-	324	22.1	(17.6−27.1)		9.1	(6.2−12.9)		22.4	(17.9−27.3)		28.9	(23.9−34.2)
	+	480	43.3	(38.8−47.9)	2.8c/1.6^a	18.7	(15.3−22.5)	2.2b/1.2	38.2	(33.8−42.7)	2.4c/1.6^a	47.9	(43.3−52.5)	2.5c/1.7^b
Loss/disappearance of family/friends	-	287	21.9	(17.2−27.2)		9.2	(6.1−13.2)		23.5	(18.7−28.9)		31.3	(26.0−37.1)
	+	526	41.5	(37.2−45.9)	2.6c/1.5	17.9	(14.7−21.5)	2.2b/1.3	36.6	(32.5−40.9)	2.0c/1.2	44.2	(39.8−48.6)	1.9c/1.2
Physical violence or assault	-	554	25.3	(21.7−29.1)		9.2	(6.9−11.9)		25.0	(21.4−28.8)		32.3	(28.4−36.4)
	+	232	56.6	(49.9−63.2)	4.3c/2.4^b	28.3	(22.5−34.7)	3.7c/1.8	48.0	(41.4−54.7)	3.5c/2.7^c	58.7	(52.0−65.3)	3.4b/2.0^b
Witnessing physical violence/assault	-	304	18.1	(13.9−23.0)		6.7	(4.1−10.2)		21.5	(17.0−26.5)		25.8	(20.9−31.1)
	+	520	44.9	(40.5−49.3)	3.4c/1.7^a	20.4	(17.0−24.2)	2.8c/1.6	37.8	(33.6−42.2)	2.4c/1.4	49.1	(44.7−53.6)	3.0c/2.0^b
Torture	-	567	27.0	(23.4−30.9)		9.5	(7.2−12.2)		27.3	(23.7−31.2)		34.5	(30.6−38.6)
	+	212	55.8	(48.8−62.7)	3.4c/1.4	29.1	(23.0−35.8)	3.8c/1.7	43.5	(36.6−50.5)	2.4c/0.9	57.4	(50.3−64.2)	2.8c/0.9
Sexual violence	-	710	31.4	(28.0−35.0)		12.2	(9.9−14.9)		29.1	(25.7−32.6)		37.0	(33.4−40.7)
	+	51	71.4	(56.7−83.4)	4.9c/1.7	44.9	(30.7−59.8)	5.1c/1.9	68.0	(53.3−80.5)	5.6c/2.6^a	77.1	(62.7−88.0)	5.8c/2.8^a
Other perceived life-threat. situations	-	103	8.9	(4.2−16.2)		5.0	(1.6−11.2)		15.7	(9.2−24.2)		21.8	(14.2−31.1)
	+	754	38.6	(35.1−42.3)	6.4c/2.3	16.3	(13.7−19.2)	3.4b/1.4	33.8	(30.4−37.4)	3.1b/1.4	43.1	(39.5−46.7)	3.1c/1.4
During flight (perimigratory PTEs)
War at close quarter	-	408	33.9	(29.3−38.8)		14.4	(11.1−18.2)		29.0	(24.6−33.7)		37.3	(32.5−42.2)
	+	420	34.2	(29.6−39.1)	1.0/0.5^a	13.6	(10.4−17.4)	1.0/0.6	33.6	(29.0−38.3)	1.4/0.6^a	43.1	(38.2−48.1)	1.4a/0.7
Forced separation from fam/friends	-	412	25.2	(21.0−29.7)		10.4	(7.6−13.8)		24.6	(20.5−29.1)		31.2	(26.7−36.0)
	+	373	44.8	(39.6−50.1)	2.4c/1.8^b	19.7	(15.7−24.1)	2.1b/1.5	39.4	(34.4−44.6)	2.0c/1.2	50.1	(44.9−55.4)	2.4c/1.7^b
Loss/disappearance of family/friends	-	422	25.4	(21.3−29.9)		10.6	(7.8−13.9)		23.8	(19.8−28.1)		30.8	(26.4−35.5)
	+	362	45.5	(40.2−50.8)	2.4c/1.7^a	20.5	(16.4−25.1)	2.3c/1.5	40.9	(35.8−46.2)	2.5c/1.8^a	51.1	(45.8−56.5)	2.5c/1.8^b
Physical violence or assault	-	638	29.6	(26.1−33.4)		11.5	(9.1−14.2)		28.1	(24.6−31.7)		36.8	(33.1−40.8)
	+	125	57.7	(48.5−66.6)	4.0c/2.0^a	30.9	(22.9−39.9)	3.8c/1.8	49.2	(40.0−58.4)	3.3c/1.3	56.7	(47.3−65.7)	2.9c/1.1
Witnessing physical violence/assault	-	566	28.6	(24.9−32.6)		11.7	(9.2−14.7)		26.0	(22.4−29.8)		35.1	(31.2−39.3)
	+	214	50.0	(43.0−57.0)	2.5c/1.2	23.3	(17.8−29.6)	2.2b/0.6	46.5	(39.6−53.4)	2.8c/1.3	54.6	(47.5−61.5)	2.4c/1.1
Torture	-	657	29.8	(26.3−33.5)		11.6	(9.2−14.3)		27.1	(23.7−30.7)		35.9	(32.2−39.7)
	+	100	63.3	(52.9−72.8)	4.3c/3.7^c	34.7	(25.4−45.0)	3.8c/2.5^a	59.6	(49.3−69.3)	4.3c/2.4^a	67.4	(57.0−76.6)	4.1c/2.8^b
Sexual violence	-	722	32.7	(29.3−36.3)		13.0	(10.6−15.7)		29.6	(26.2−33.1)		38.1	(34.5−41.8)
	+	20	65.0	(40.8−84.6)	4.1b/1.0	50.0	(27.2−72.8)	8.6c/3.8^a	70.0	(45.7−88.1)	9.1c/3.5	77.8	(52.4−93.6)	7.7b/2.8
Other perceived life-threat. situations	-	350	27.2	(22.5−32.2)		9.6	(6.7−13.3)		23.7	(19.3−28.5)		33.5	(28.5−38.8)
	+	468	40.2	(35.7−44.8)	1.8b/1.2	19.0	(15.5−22.9)	2.3b/1.8	37.4	(32.9−41.9)	2.2c/1.6	46.0	(41.3−50.6)	1.7b/1.1

OR¹ adjusted for gender, age, education, marital status, refugee status, arrived with fam/friends/alone, and prior family in Norway.

OR² adjusted for same as OR¹ plus other PTEs within scale (i.e. OR for a given pre-flight PTE is adjusted for other PTEs in pre-flight scale).

Table 4. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models with odds ratios, ORs, and 95% CIs for checklist-positive PTSD using both the 2.06 and 2.5 cut-off on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire to define PTSD caseness

		cp-PTSD ^>2.06						cp-PTSD ^≥2.5
		Model 1 (crude)		Model 2 (n=710)		Model 3 (n=508)		Model 1 (crude)		Model 2 (n=710)		Model 3 (n=508)
		OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
Gender	Female	0.85	(0.63−1.14)	1.46	(0.96−2.22)	1.73^a	(1.04−2.88)	0.73	(0.49−1.09)	1.21	(0.70−2.08)	1.68	(0.84−3.35)
Age	30–39 yrs	1.01	(0.68−1.48)	1.06	(0.63−1.78)	1.58	(0.82−3.02)	1.39	(0.81−2.40)	1.44	(0.72−2.89)	2.43	(0.95−6.22)
	40–49 yrs	1.07	(0.71−1.62)	1.24	(0.70−2.22)	1.68	(0.82−3.44)	1.16	(0.64−2.10)	1.40	(0.64−3.09)	1.94	(0.68−5.55)
	≥50 yrs	1.76^a	(1.14−2.72)	2.79^b	(1.47−5.28)	3.50^b	(1.57−7.81)	2.05^a	(1.15−3.68)	2.38^a	(1.04−5.43)	3.65^a	(1.19−11.2)
Education	10−12 yrs	0.97	(0.65−1.45)	1.01	(0.62−1.62)	1.05	(0.59−1.86)	1.01	(0.58−1.76)	0.89	(0.47−1.68)	1.03	(0.46−2.32)
	>12 yrs	1.24	(0.91−1.69)	1.07	(0.72−1.61)	1.26	(0.77−2.07)	1.35	(0.89−2.05)	1.16	(0.70−1.93)	1.42	(0.73−2.75)
Marital status	Div./widow	1.94^a	(1.17−3.22)	1.78	(0.91−3.48)	1.59	(0.65−3.88)	2.05^a	(1.11−3.77)	1.62	(0.78−3.37)	2.08	(0.79−5.46)
	Unmarrie^d	1.41^a	(1.02−1.93)	1.84^a	(1.10−3.07)	2.18^a	(1.16−4.11)	1.38	(0.91−2.10)	1.30	(0.67−2.51)	1.47	(0.63−3.45)
Ref. status	Quota ref	0.79	(0.57−1.09)	0.84	(0.53−1.35)	1.20	(0.60−2.39)	0.79	(0.51−1.20)	1.08	(0.59−1.97)	2.10	(0.87−5.04)
	Fam reunion	0.92	(0.61−1.39)	1.21	(0.66−2.20)	1.32	(0.63−2.79)	0.64	(0.35−1.15)	0.81	(0.36−1.84)	0.94	(0.33−2.62)
Arrived with …	… friends only	1.22	(0.68−2.20)	1.26	(0.59−2.73)	0.85	(0.31−2.30)	1.12	(0.49−2.59)	1.22	(0.44−3.35)	0.92	(0.22−3.81)
	… alone	1.59^b	(1.17−2.18)	1.47	(0.93−2.33)	1.54	(0.86−2.74)	2.07^c	(1.39−3.08)	1.99^a	(1.12−3.52)	1.77	(0.80−3.89)
Prior fam Norway	No	1.04	(0.77−1.41)	1.06	(0.68−1.66)	0.73	(0.43−1.25)	1.14	(0.75−1.72)	0.91	(0.52−1.61)	0.77	(0.38−1.54)
PTE-AR	0.20−0.29	2.75^b	(1.31−5.75)	2.51^a	(1.12−5.62)	2.08	(0.83−5.25)	2.98	(0.99−8.90)	1.82	(0.53−6.24)	1.75	(0.44−6.98)
	0.30−0.39	3.92^c	(2.11−7.28)	3.61^c	(1.84−7.11)	2.35^a	(1.08−5.10)	3.59^b	(1.39−9.24)	2.84^a	(1.07−7.51)	1.74	(0.56−5.43)
	≥0.40	8.37^c	(4.82−14.5)	8.38^c	(4.56−15.4)	7.74^c	(3.90−15.3)	7.20^c	(3.08−16.8)	5.95^c	(2.50−14.2)	4.34^b	(1.63−11.6)
Length flight	per category	0.96	(0.82−1.12)			1.04	(0.83−1.31)	0.96	(0.77−1.20)			0.92	(0.66−1.26)
Time Norway	per category	1.29^b	(1.08−1.55)			1.30	(0.96−1.75)	1.60^c	(1.23−2.08)			1.48^a	(1.00−2.19)

Significant results (p > 0.05) highlighted in bold: ^a p < 0.05 ^b p < 0.01 ^c p < 0.001.

Model 1: unadjusted/univariable logistic regression (i.e. separate logistic models for each predictor, with each model containing only the outcome and one predictor in question).

Model 2: adjusted for all variables in table except Length of flight and Time Norway.

Model 3: adjusted for all variables in table.

For models 2 and 3, the number of participants contributing data is indicated at the top of the respective columns.

Ref.groups: male (Gender); 18–29 (Age); ≤9 yrs (Edu); married (Mar. status); asylum seeker (Ref. status); family/spouse (Arrived with); Yes (Prior fam Norway); <0.20 (PTE-AR).

Table 5. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models with odds ratios, ORs, and 95% CIs for checklist-positive anxiety and depression

		cp-Anxiety						cp-Depression
		Model 1 (crude)		Model 2 (n=718)		Model 3 (n=512)		Model 1 (crude)		Model 2 (n=708)		Model 3 (n=505)
		OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
Gender	Female	1.30	(0.97−1.75)	2.30^c	(1.51−3.50)	2.73^c	(1.65−4.53)	1.03	(0.78−1.37)	2.14^c	(1.41−3.23)	2.38^b	(1.44−3.94)
Age	30–39 yrs	0.96	(0.65−1.42)	1.09	(0.66−1.80)	1.14	(0.62−2.11)	1.06	(0.73−1.54)	1.28	(0.78−2.12)	1.43	(0.77−2.68)
	40–49 yrs	0.82	(0.54−1.26)	1.03	(0.58−1.84)	0.98	(0.49−1.97)	1.05	(0.70−1.56)	1.83^a	(1.05−3.21)	2.11^a	(1.06−4.22)
	≥50 yrs	1.58^a	(1.02−2.45)	2.82^b	(1.50−5.30)	2.83^b	(1.30−6.17)	1.61^a	(1.05−2.47)	3.08^b	(1.63−5.82)	3.63^b	(1.64−8.00)
Education	10−12 yrs	1.14	(0.76−1.70)	1.24	(0.78−1.98)	1.34	(0.77−2.32)	1.10	(0.75−1.61)	1.13	(0.71−1.79)	1.44	(0.83−2.50)
	>12 yrs	1.16	(0.84−1.59)	1.09	(0.73−1.62)	1.18	(0.72−1.93)	1.33	(0.98−1.80)	1.08	(0.73−1.59)	1.24	(0.76−2.01)
Marital status	Div./widow	1.89^a	(1.14−3.14)	1.34	(0.69−2.59)	1.29	(0.54−3.09)	2.33^b	(1.40−3.87)	2.06^a	(1.05−4.02)	1.68	(0.69−4.08)
	Unmarrie^d	1.35	(0.97−1.86)	1.96^b	(1.18−3.25)	2.02^a	(1.09−3.73)	1.67^b	(1.22−2.28)	2.90^c	(1.76−4.78)	2.98^c	(1.62−5.50)
Ref. status	Quota ref	0.85	(0.61−1.18)	0.91	(0.57−1.45)	1.78	(0.91−3.49)	0.70^a	(0.51−0.96)	0.61^a	(0.39−0.97)	1.35	(0.69−2.65)
	Fam reunion	1.05	(0.70−1.59)	1.03	(0.57−1.88)	1.28	(0.62−2.65)	0.65^a	(0.43−0.98)	0.65	(0.36−1.16)	0.95	(0.46−1.98)
Arrived with …	.friends only	1.11	(0.61−2.02)	1.46	(0.69−3.10)	1.52	(0.61−3.77)	1.07	(0.61−1.90)	0.79	(0.37−1.66)	1.09	(0.44−2.71)
	.alone	1.43^a	(1.04−1.97)	1.39	(0.87−2.20)	1.27	(0.72−2.26)	1.66^b	(1.22−2.25)	1.33	(0.85−2.07)	1.46	(0.83−2.56)
Prior fam Norway	No	0.80	(0.59−1.09)	0.91	(0.59−1.41)	0.74	(0.45−1.24)	1.10	(0.82−1.47)	1.04	(0.67−1.60)	0.77	(0.46−1.29)
PTE-AR	0.20−0.29	1.50	(0.76−2.98)	1.36	(0.63−2.91)	1.80	(0.78−4.15)	1.17	(0.61−2.25)	1.13	(0.54−2.36)	1.09	(0.45−2.61)
	0.30−0.39	2.12^b	(1.22−3.67)	2.12^a	(1.15−3.91)	1.61	(0.79−3.29)	2.41^b	(1.46−3.97)	2.51^b	(1.42−4.41)	2.25^a	(1.14−4.41)
	≥ 0.40	3.93^c	(2.46−6.28)	4.43^c	(2.60−7.54)	4.21^c	(2.28−7.78)	4.25^c	(2.76−6.53)	4.91^c	(2.98−8.09)	4.85^c	(2.67−8.83)
Length flight	per category	0.96	(0.82−1.12)			0.98	(0.78−1.23)	0.91	(0.78−1.06)			0.94	(0.75−1.18)
Time Norway	per category	1.20^a	(1.00−1.43)			1.52^b	(1.14−2.04)	1.42^c	(1.20−1.69)			1.52^b	(1.13−2.05)

Significant results (p > 0.05) highlighted in bold: ^a p < 0.05 ^b p < 0.01 ^c p < 0.001.

Model 1: unadjusted/univariable logistic regression (i.e. separate logistic models for each predictor, with each model containing only the outcome and one predictor in question).

Model 2: adjusted for all variables in table except Length of flight and Time Norway.

Model 3: adjusted for all variables in table.

For models 2 and 3, the number of participants contributing data is indicated at the top of the respective columns.

Ref.groups: male (Gender); 18–29 (Age); ≤9 yrs (Edu); married (Mar. status); asylum seeker (Ref. status); family/spouse (Arrived with); Yes (Prior fam Norway); <0.20 (PTE-AR).

Data availability statement

Data are available upon reasonable request. Deidentified participant data will be made available for reuse upon reasonable request pending ethics approval, compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and discretion of the research group with regard to the prospective research project proposals. Requests should be sent to the corresponding author: [email protected].