Modulation of the immune system by the gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1. Antibiotic Treatment effects on diabetes development in NOD mice.

Antibiotic(s)	Antibiotic Treatment window	Antibiotic administration	Effect on T1D	Reference
Neomycin	Treatment from plug to within 24 hours of litter being born	In drinking water (1mg/ml)	Reduced diabetes incidence in pups vs untreated controls (~ 50% vs ~ 90%)	^Citation189
Neomycin	Treatment of pregnant mice prior to birth to diabetes onset	In drinking water (1mg/ml)	Increased diabetes development in treated mice vs controls (~ 80% vs ~ 50%)	^Citation169
Penicillin	Treatment late in pregnancy and continued until pups aged 84 days	In drinking water (6.67mg/L)	No difference between treated and controls (~ 60% females and ~ 20% males in both groups)	^Citation168
Tylosin	Treatment in 3 courses: 1^st: pups aged 10–15 days; 2^nd: 28–31 days of age; 3^rd: pups aged 37–40 days	In drinking water (333mg/L)	Increased diabetes in males and females (1/2 observation groups) vs controls (males: ~ 50% vs ~ 20%; females ~ 40% vs ~ 80%)	^Citation168
Vancomycin	Treatment from plug to within 24 hours of litter being born	In drinking water (0.5mg/ml)	Accelerated diabetes incidence in pups vs untreated controls (100% vs ~ 90%)	^Citation189
Vancomycin	From conception to 40 weeks of age	In drinking water (0.2mg/ml)	Increased diabetes in male NOD mice only compared to untreated controls (91.4% vs 64.3%)	^Citation190
Vancomycin	Group 1: Birth to 28 days of age Group 2: 8 weeks of age until diabetes onset	Group 1: administered to mother in drinking water (0.5mg/ml) and direct feeding of pups (83mg/kg/day); Group 2: In drinking water (0.5mg/ml)	Decreased diabetes incidence in Group 1 vs untreated controls (~ 75% vs ~ 95%)	^Citation191
Vancomycin	Treatment of pregnant mice prior to birth to diabetes onset	In drinking water (0.5mg/ml)	Increased diabetes incidence in treated mice vs controls (~ 70% vs ~ 50%)	^Citation169
Metronidazole, Neomycin and Polymixin	1^st treatment from 0.5 to 4.5 days of gestation; 10 days off antibiotics; 2^nd treatment from 14.5 to 18.5 days of gestation	In drinking water (metronidazole:0.5mg/ml; neomycin:2.5mg/ml; polymixin:0.09mg/ml)	Increased incidence in treated mice vs untreated controls (83% vs 58%)	^Citation192
Neomycin, polymyxin B, and streptomycin	Group 1: Treatment from plug to birth of pups Group2: From birth to weaning (day 21) Group 3: From weaning (day 21) to 6 weeks of age	In drinking water (neomycin:1mg/ml; polymixin B:1,600U/ml; streptomycin:1mg/ml)	Reduced diabetes incidence in female NOD mice in Group 1 and Group 2 vs untreated controls (~ 15% and ~ 20% respectively compared to ~ 80% in controls)	^Citation193
Streptomycin, Colistin and Ampicillin	From conception to 40 weeks of age	In drinking water (streptomycin:5mg/ml; colistin:1mg/ml; ampicillin:1mg/ml)	Increased diabetes incidence in male NOD mice only compared to untreated controls (92.1% vs 64.3%)	^Citation190

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