The Beaumont behavioral intervention in a Chinese amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cohort

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants.

	ALS	HPs	P
N	98	93
Sex(M/F)	69/29	56/37	0.14
Age(years)	55(51,61)	50.75(41,59)	0.08
<45 years(%)	27(27.6%)	–	–
Education(years)	9(9,12)	9(6,12)	0.87
≤12years	69(70.4%)	–	–
Duration of illness (months)	22(12,33)	–	–
Bulbar involvement(%)	40(40.8%)	–	–
ALSFRS-R	31.5(22,41)	–	–
mild >36	42.5(38.5,45)	–	–
36 ≥medium > 24	31(28,33)	–	–
severe ≤24	20(18,21.75)	–	–
MMSE	25(22,27)	26(24,28)	0.03
PSQI	5(2,10)	5(3,8)	0.79
KESS	0(0,7)	1(0,5)	0.76
SAS	38.78(38.19,42.5)	30(26.25,36.25)	<0.001
SDS	45(31.25,55)	30(26.25,36.25)	<0.001
FBI	5(2,12)	–	–
ALS-FTD-Q	7(1,15)	–	–
BBI before	3.5(0.75,5)	3(1,5)	0.65
BBI after	7(2.75,14)	–	–

M: male; F: female; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; HPs: healthy participants; ALSFRS-R: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale—Revised; MMSE: minimental status examination; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; KESS: Knowles Eccersley Scott symptom constipation score; SAS: Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Zung’s self-rating depression scale; FBI: frontal behavioral inventory; ALS-FTD-Q: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- frontotemporal dementia-questionnaire; BBI: Beaumont behavioral inventory.

Table 2. Summary of negative binomial regression analysis results in healthy participants (n = 93).

Items	regression coefficient	standard error	z	p	OR	95% CI
Intercept	0.363	1.171	0.310	0.756	1.438	0.145 ∼ 14.284
PSQI	−0.028	0.037	−0.765	0.444	0.972	0.904 ∼ 1.045
KESS	0.050	0.029	1.729	0.084	1.051	0.993 ∼ 1.112
SAS	0.010	0.023	0.412	0.680	1.010	0.965 ∼ 1.056
SDS	0.031	0.020	1.577	0.115	1.031	0.993 ∼ 1.072
MMSE	−0.021	0.036	−0.593	0.553	0.979	0.912 ∼ 1.051

PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; KESS: Knowles Eccersley Scott symptom constipation score; SAS: Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Zung’s self-rating depression scale.

Dependent variable: BBI before.

McFadden R ²: 0.029.

Table 3. Summary of negative binomial regression analysis results in ALS patients(n = 98).

Items	regression coefficient	standard error	z	p	OR	95% CI
Intercept	3.346	0.953	3.511	0.000	28.384	4.385 ∼ 183.744
PSQI	0.012	0.020	0.602	0.547	1.012	0.973 ∼ 1.053
KESS	0.026	0.022	1.209	0.227	1.026	0.984 ∼ 1.071
SAS	0.025	0.020	1.267	0.205	1.025	0.987 ∼ 1.065
SDS	0.007	0.012	0.575	0.565	1.007	0.983 ∼ 1.031
ALSFRS	−0.049	0.016	−3.051	0.002	0.952	0.923 ∼ 0.983
Bulbar involvement	−0.319	0.292	−1.094	0.274	0.727	0.410 ∼ 1.287
Disease duration	−0.000	0.008	−0.030	0.976	1.000	0.983 ∼ 1.016
MMSE	−0.042	0.025	−1.667	0.096	0.959	0.914 ∼ 1.007

PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; KESS: Knowles Eccersley scott symptom constipation score; SAS: Zung’s self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Zung’s self-rating depression scale; ALSFRS-R: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale—Revised; MMSE: mini-mental status examination.

Dependent variable: BBIafter.

McFadden R ²: 0.060.

Figure 1. ROC curve for BBI-after scores, ALS-FTD-Q, FBI as tested against clinical diagnoses of behavioral impairment in ALS patients. ROC: receiver-operating characteristic; BBI: Beaumont behavioral inventory; ALS-FTD-Q: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia-questionnaire; FBI: frontal behavioral inventory.

Table 4. Total ALS cohort’s behavioral change on BBI (n = 98).

BBI symptom	Mild(%)	Moderate(%)	Severe(%)	Change(%)
1	22.4	12.2	17.3	52
2	8.2	8.2	3.1	19.4
3	11.2	5.1	7.1	23.5
4	8.2	5.1	5.1	18.4
5	10.2	9.2	7.1	26.5
6	1	6.1	11.2	18.4
7	9.2	13.3	11.2	33.7
8	3.6	1.8	0.9	18
9	4.1	2	1	7.1
10	6.1	6.1	0	12.2
11	13.3	10.2	4.1	27.6
12	3.1	4.1	1	8.2
13	12.2	5.1	3.1	20.4
14	12.2	16.3	1	29.6
15	14.3	3.1	2	19.4
16	3.1	0	0	3.4
17	2	1	0	3.4
18	3.1	5.1	1	9.2
19	2	0	1	3.1
20	9.2	3.1	3.4	16.3
21	6.1	3.1	0	9.2
22	3.1	4.1	0	7.1
23	3.1	3.1	1	7.1
24	3.1	1	0	4.1
25	3.1	4.1	0	7.1
26	1	2	0	3.1
27	10.2	9.2	8.2	27.6
28	3.1	0	1	4.1
29	2	1	1	4.1
30	14.2	6.1	2	22.4
31	3.1	3.1	0	6.1
32	7.1	4.1	0	11.2
33	4.1	3.1	0	7.1
34	5.1	5.1	2	12.2
35	13.3	11.2	1	25.5
36	3.1	1	0	4.1
37	3.1	2	0	5.1
38	2	2	0	7.1
39	2	4.1	0	6.1
40	13.3	9.2	1	23.5
41	6.1	2	0	8.2

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request from any qualified investigator, maintaining anonymization of the patients.