Recent advances on liposomal nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications

Figures & data

Figure 1. Widening of a segment of phospholipid bilayer of a liposome revealing its hydrophilic head groups and hydrophobic section.

Figure 2. A simple depiction of forming of liposomes.

Figure 3. Schematic of small extruder applied in the preparation of nanoliposomes.

Figure 4. Depiction of a probe-type sonicator.

Figure 5. Simple depiction of a microfluidizer device.

Figure 6. Schematic depiction of temperature-induced release of the water-soluble marker calcein from different types of liposomes composed of DPPC:DCP:Chol (7:2:1). Taken from Mozafari (2010).

Figure 7. Schematic of targeting spores in cheese via liposome-encapsulated antimicrobial lysozyme.

Table 1. Various commercial FDA-approved liposomal drug formulations.

Product name	Drug delivered	Approved treatment	Ref
Myocet	doxorubicin	metastatic breast cancer	Gardikis et al. (2010)
Doxil	doxorubicin	Kaposi’s sarcoma, ovarian, and breast cancer	Barenholz et al. (2012)
Lipodox	doxorubicin	Kaposi’s sarcoma, ovarian, and breast cancer	Chou et al. (2006)
DaunoXome	daunorubicin	hematological malignancy	Fassas and Anagnostopoulos (2005)
Marqibo	vincristine sulfate	acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Rahimi-Rad et al. (2010)
Ambisome	amphotericin B	fungal infections	Clemons and Stevens (2004)
Depocyt	cytarabine	neoplastic meningitis and lymphomatous meningitis	Glantz et al. (1999)
Visudyne	verteporfin	age-related molecular degeneration	Participants (2005)
DepoDur	morphine sulfate	pain	Carvalho et al. (2007)
Epaxal	inactivated hepatitis A viral strain RG-SB	hepatitis A	Usonis et al. (2003)
Inflexal V	inactivated hemaglutinin of influenza virus strains A and B	influenza	Mischler and Metcalfe (2002)

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Chou HH, Wang KL, Chen CA, Wei LH, Lai CH, Hsieh CY, et al. 2006. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Lipo-Dox®) for platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a Taiwanese gynecologic oncology group study with long-term follow-up. Gynecol Oncol. 101:423–428.

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Fassas A, Anagnostopoulos A. 2005. The use of liposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome) in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 46:795–802.

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Rahimi-Rad M, Alizadeh E, Samarei R. 2010. Aquatic leech as a rare cause of respiratory distress and hemoptysis, Pneumologia (Bucharest, Romania). 60:85–86.

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Clemons KV, Stevens DA. 2004. Comparative efficacies of four amphotericin B formulations—Fungizone, Amphotec (Amphocil), AmBisome, and Abelcet—against systemic murine aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:1047–1050.

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Glantz MJ, Jaeckle KA, Chamberlain MC, Phuphanich S, Recht L, Swinnen LJ, et al. 1999. A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal sustained-release cytarabine (DepoCyt) to intrathecal methotrexate in patients with neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 5:3394–3402.

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Participants VR. 2005. Guidelines for using verteporfin (Visudyne) in photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration and other causes: update. Retina. 25:119–134.

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Carvalho B, Roland LM, Chu LF, Campitelli VA, III, Riley ET. 2007. Single-dose, extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur™) compared to conventional epidural morphine for post-cesarean pain. Anesth Analg. 105:176–183.

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Usonis V, Bakasenas V, Valentelis R, Katiliene G, Vidzeniene D, Herzog C. 2003. Antibody titres after primary and booster vaccination of infants and young children with a virosomal hepatitis A vaccine (Epaxal®). Vaccine. 21:4588–4592.

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