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Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
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Volume 52, 2024 - Issue 1
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Research Article

Inhibitory effects of Curcumae Radix carbonisata-based carbon dots against liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice

Yusheng Zhaoa School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaView further author information
,
Hui Konga School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-7985View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Yuru Lib School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaView further author information
,
Yafang Zhaoa School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaView further author information
,
Yue Zhangc School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaView further author information
,
Yan Zhaoa School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4336-0028View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Huihua Qud Centre of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5159-9066View further author information
ORCID Icon show all
Pages 23-34 | Received 01 Dec 2022, Accepted 18 Jul 2023, Published online: 30 Nov 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of the preparation process of Curcumae Radix carbonsata carbon dots (CRC-CDs) prepared.

Figure 1. Flow chart of the preparation process of Curcumae Radix carbonsata carbon dots (CRC-CDs) prepared.

Figure 2. Morphological characterisations of CRC-CDs. (A) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of CRC-CDs displaying ultra-small particles. (B) Particle size distribution histogram of CRC-CDs. (C) High-resolution TEM image of CRC-CDs and lattice spacing of CRC-CDs (in the Middle). (D) X-ray diffraction pattern (E) Ultraviolet-visible spectrum. (F) Fluorescence spectra. (G) Fluorescence spectra of FP-CDs with different excitation wavelengths. (H) Fourier transform infra-red spectrum.

Figure 2. Morphological characterisations of CRC-CDs. (A) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of CRC-CDs displaying ultra-small particles. (B) Particle size distribution histogram of CRC-CDs. (C) High-resolution TEM image of CRC-CDs and lattice spacing of CRC-CDs (in the Middle). (D) X-ray diffraction pattern (E) Ultraviolet-visible spectrum. (F) Fluorescence spectra. (G) Fluorescence spectra of FP-CDs with different excitation wavelengths. (H) Fourier transform infra-red spectrum.

Figure 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum of CRC-CDs. (A) The full survey spectrum. High-resolution survey spectra of (B) C 1s, (C) O 1s and (D) N 1s.

Figure 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum of CRC-CDs. (A) The full survey spectrum. High-resolution survey spectra of (B) C 1s, (C) O 1s and (D) N 1s.

Figure 4. Effects of different concentrations of CRC-CDs on the cell viability of RAW264.7.

Figure 4. Effects of different concentrations of CRC-CDs on the cell viability of RAW264.7.

Figure 5. Effects of CRC-CDs on weight changes in mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation. ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 5. Effects of CRC-CDs on weight changes in mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation. ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 6. Effects of CRC-CDs on liver weight (A) and liver index (B) in mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation. #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 6. Effects of CRC-CDs on liver weight (A) and liver index (B) in mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation. #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 7. Effects of CRC-CDs on the appearance and pathological changes of liver tissue in mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. (A) Appearance of liver tissue, (B) HE staining (× 100), (C) Masson staining (× 100), (D) Sirius red staining (× 100). Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4), low dose of CRC- CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H).

Figure 7. Effects of CRC-CDs on the appearance and pathological changes of liver tissue in mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. (A) Appearance of liver tissue, (B) HE staining (× 100), (C) Masson staining (× 100), (D) Sirius red staining (× 100). Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4), low dose of CRC- CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H).

Figure 8. Effects of CRC-CDs on the contents of (A) ALT, (B) AST, (C) TBIL, (D) DBIL, (E) TBA, and (F) TG in serum of mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 8. Effects of CRC-CDs on the contents of (A) ALT, (B) AST, (C) TBIL, (D) DBIL, (E) TBA, and (F) TG in serum of mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 9. Effects of CRC-CDs on the contents of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6 and (C) IL-1β in serum of mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 9. Effects of CRC-CDs on the contents of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6 and (C) IL-1β in serum of mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 10. Effects of CRC-CDs on the content of (A) SOD, (B) GSH, and (C) MDA in liver tissue homogenate of mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Figure 10. Effects of CRC-CDs on the content of (A) SOD, (B) GSH, and (C) MDA in liver tissue homogenate of mice with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mice were assigned into seven groups, namely normal control group (NC), CCl4 group (CCl4), silybin + CCl4 group (silybin + CCl4), high dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-H + CCl4, 9.33 mg/kg), medium dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-M + CCl4, 4.67 mg/kg), low dose of CRC-CDs + CCl4 group (CRC-CDs-L + CCl4, 2.34 mg/kg) and high dose of CRC-CDs group (CRC-CDs-H, 9.33 mg/kg). data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 vs. normal control group, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. CCl4 group.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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