Occurrence, importance and control of mycotoxins: A review

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary on mycotoxins chemical structures, names, analytical methods and maximum limit permitted.

No	Mycotoxins chemical structures and names	Analytical methods	Maximum limit permitted
1		LC-MS, HPLC-FL (Zöllner & Mayer-Helm, 2006)	10 μg/kg (FAO, 1997)
2
3
4		TLC (Ostry & Skarkova, 2000); HPLC (Walker & Meier, 1998)	750 μg/kg (FAO, 1997)
5		HPLC-FL (Krska, Welzig, & Boudra, 2007; Mateo, Mateo, Hinojo, Llorens, & Jiménez, 2002; Urraca, Benito-Peña, Pérez-Conde, Moreno-Bondi, & Pestka, 2005; Urraca, Marazuela, & Moreno-Bondi, 2004; Visconti & Pascale, 1998), LC-MS (Berthiller et al., 2006)	1000 μg/kg (FAO, 1997)
6		LC-FL (Becker, Degelmann, Herderich, Schreier, & Humpf, 1998; Wilkes & Sutherland, 1998), LC-MS and HPLC-FL (Zöllner & Mayer-Helm, 2006)	5 μg/kg (FAO, 1997)
7		HPLC-FL (Wilkes & Sutherland, 1998), LC-MS (Zöllner & Mayer-Helm, 2006)	1000 μg/kg (FAO, 1997)
8

Zöllner, P., & Mayer-Helm, B. (2006). Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1136, 123–169.10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.055

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

FAO. (1997). Worldwide Regulations for mycotoxins 1995. A compeduim. ( FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 64). Rome: Author.

 Google Scholar

Ostry, V., & Skarkova, J. (2000). Development of an HPTLC method for the determination of deoxynivalenol in cereal products. Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC, 13, 443–446.

 Google Scholar

Walker, F., & Meier, B. (1998). Determination of the Fusaruim mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15- O- acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol in contaminated whole wheat flour by liquid chromatography with diode array detection and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Journal of AOAC International,81,741 – 748.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Krska, R., Welzig, E., & Boudra, H. (2007). Analysis of Fusarium toxins in feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137, 241–264.10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.004

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mateo, J. J., Mateo, R., Hinojo, M. J., Llorens, A., & Jiménez, M. (2002). Liquid chromatographic determination of toxigenic secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium strains. Journal of Chromatography A, 955, 245–256.10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00214-5

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Urraca, J. L., Benito-Peña, E., Pérez-Conde, C., Moreno-Bondi, M. C., Pestka, J. J. (2005). Analysis of zearalenone in cereal and swine feed samples using an automated flow-through immunosensor. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,53,3338–3344.10.1021/jf048092p

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Urraca, J. L., Marazuela, M. D., & Moreno-Bondi, M. C. (2004). Analysis for zearalenone and α-zearalenol in cereals and swine feed using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 524,175–183.10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.093

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Visconti, A., & Pascale, M. (1998). Determination of zearalenone in corn by means of immunoaffinity clean up and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 815, 133–140.10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00296-9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Berthiller, F., Werner, U., Sulyok, M., Krska, R., Hauser, M. T., & Schuhmacher, R. (2006). Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination of phase II metabolites of the mycotoxin zearalenone in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Food Additives and Contaminants, 23, 1194–1200.10.1080/02652030600778728

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Becker, M., Degelmann, P., Herderich, M., Schreier, P., & Humpf, H. U. (1998). Column liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ochratoxin. Journal of Chromatography A, 818, 260–264.10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00594-9

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wilkes, J. G., & Sutherland, J. B. (1998). Sample preparation and high-resolution separation of mycotoxins possessing carboxyl groups. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 717, 135–156.10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00664-6

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar