Uapaca kirkiana, an indigenous fruit tree in sub-Saharan Africa: A comprehensive review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Distribution of U.kirkiana species in Southern Africa

Figure 2. Distribution of U. kirkiana fruits in Zimbabwe

Figure 3. U. kirkiana tree (a), U. kirkiana fruits (b), and U. kirkiana pulp and seed (c)

Table 1. Nutritional composition of some indigenous fruits of Southern Africa per 100 g EP

Fruit Name & Botanical family	Energy (kcal/KJ)	Water (g)	Proteins (g)	Fats (g)	CHOs (g)	Fibre (g)	Ash (g)	Reference
Adansonia digitata (Malvaceae)	1380^a	10^a	2.3^a	0.7^b	74.9^a	7.8^a	4.8^b	(^aOsman, 2004; ^bAbdel et al., 2011)
Sclerocarya berrea (Anacardiaceae)	2703^a	87^a	0.9^b	0.5^a	3.7^b	2.9^b	3.8^b	(^aJaenicke & Thiong’o, 2000; ^bThiongo’s, Kingori and Jaenicke, 2002)
Uapaca kirkiana (Phyllanthaceae)	523^a	72^b	0.3^a	0.4^a	28.7^a	2.0^b	0.8^b	(^aMalaisse & Parent, 1985; ^bSaka et al., 1992)
Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae)	184^a	92^a	0.35^a	0.7^a	8.3^b	1.2^b	0.8^a	(^aSaka et al., 1992; ^bLockett et al., 2000)
Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae)	1160^a	28^a	3.8^b	1.1^b	60.4^b	6.0^b	2.4^a	(^aSoloviev et al., 2004; ^bFentahun & Hager, 2009)
Strychnos cocculoides (Loganiaceae)	1315.4^a	78.8^a	3.2^a	0.3^a	16.8^a	25.2^a	0.5^a	(^aNgadze et al., 2017)

Metabolisable energy calculated based on protein 4 (kcal/17 KJ), fat 9 (kcal/37 KJ), CHOs 4 (kcal/17 KJ), Fibre 2 (kcal/8 KJ); Protein values obtained using Kjeldahl method^; Fat values by Soxhlet method^; CHOs calculated by difference method; Fibre represents crude fibre.

^a,bSuperscripts indicate the source of the data.

Table 2. Comparison of the nutritional content per 100 g edible portion (EP) of selected tropical fruits and Uapaca kirkiana

Fruit Name & Botanical family	Water (g)	CHOs (g)	Protein (g)	Fibre (g)	Fat (g)	Calories (kcal/KJ)	Vitamin (mg)	References
Wild loquat (U.kirkiana) Euphorbiaceae	72^a	28.7^a	0.3^a	2.0^b	0.4^a	523^b	16.8^b	(^aMalaisse & Parent, 1985; ^bSaka et al., 1992)
Apples (Malus pumila) Rosaceae	85.3^a	15.25^a	0.19^a	2.7^a	0.36^a	207^a	5.7^a	(^aJensen et al., 2015)
Mangoes (Mangifera indica) Anacardiaceae	84^a	15^a	1.0^a	1.6^a	0.4^a	255^a	53^a	(^aKazii et al., 2015)
Oranges (Citrus X sinensis) Rutaceae	87^a	10.6^a	1.0^a	1.8^a	-	198^a	49^a	(^aKazii et al., 2015)
Avocados (Persea Americana) Lauraceae	81^a	7.0^a	2.0^a	0.2^a	15.4^a	523^a	8.80^a	(^aUSDA, 2011)
Peaches (Prunus persica) Rosaceae	89^a	7.9^a	1.0^a	1.4^a	-	151^a	8^a	(^aKazii et al., 2015)

^a,bSuperscripts indicate the source of the data.

Table 3. Comparative mineral content of selected indigenous fruits of Southern Africa

Mineral composition of selected indigenous fruits of Southern Africa per 100 g EP
Fruit Name & Botanical family	Ca (mg)	Fe (mg)	Mg (mg)	P (mg)	K (mg)	Na (mg)	Zn (mg)	Vit. C (mg)	References
Adansonia digitata (Malvaceae)	401^a	8.1^a	285^a	62^b	2120^b	20.4^a	1.87^a	273^b	(^aOsman, 2004; ^aAbdel et al., 2011)
Uapaca kirkiana (Phyllanthaceae)	17^a	11.8^a	39^a	15^a	375^b	10^b	1.3^a	16.8^a	(^aMalaisse & Parent, 1985; ^bSaka et al., 1992)
Sclerocarya berrea (Anacardiaceae)	67^a	8.0^a	33^a	-	601^a	2.7^b	5.19^a	167^b	(^aJaenicke & Thiong’o, 2000; ^bThiongo’s, Kingori and Jaenicke, 2002)
Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae)	23^a	0.82^a	5^b	19^b	256^a	6^a	0.03^b	13.6^b	(^aSaka et al., 1992; ^bLockett et al., 2000)
Tamarindis indica (Fabaceae)	192^b	4.4^b	66^a	87^a	933^b	30.2^b	3.1^a	15.5^b	(^aSoloviev et al., 2004; ^bFentahun & Hager, 2009)
Strychnos cocculoides (Loganiaceae)	46.5^a	70.5^a	137.2^a	116.5^a	959.2^a	4.5^a	0.4^a	34.2^a	(^aNgadze et al., 2017)

Mineral values were obtained using atomic absorption spectroscopy and some calorimetric methods.

^a,bSuperscripts indicate the source of the data.

Table 4. Comparison of mineral content of selected exotic fruits and Uapaca kirkiana per 100 g EP

Fruit name & Botanical family	Fe (mg)	Zn (mg)	Mg (mg)	Ca (mg)	K (mg)	P (mg)	Cu (mg)	Na (mg)	References
Wild loquot (U.kirkiana) Euphorbiaceae	11.8^a	1.3^a	39^a	17^b	375^a	15^a	0.1^b	10^a	(^aMalaisse & Parent, 1985; ^bSaka et al., 1992)
Apples (Malus pumila) Rosaceae	0.18^a	0.04^a	6.0^a	7.0^a	115^a	12.0^a	0.041^a	-	(^aJensen et al., 2015)
Mangoes (Mangifera indica) Anacardiaceae	0.50^a	0.30^a	7.0^a	7^a	250^a	13^a	0.11^a	2^a	(^aSoloviev et al., 2004)
Oranges (Citrus X sinensis) Rutaceae	0.40^a	0.20^a	11^a	29^a	145^a	24^a	0.05^a	-	(^aSoloviev et al., 2004)
Avocados (Persea Americana) Lauraceae	0.61^a	0.68^a	29.0^a	13.0^a	507^a	54^a	-	8.0^a	(^aFentahun & Hager, 2009)
Peaches (Prunus persica) Rosaceae	0.20^a	0.1^a	6.0^a	6^a	186^a	19^a	0.07^a	-	(^aSoloviev et al., 2004)

^a,bSuperscripts indicate the source of the data.

Table 5. U. kirkiana composition with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI) for children (1–9 yrs), children (9–13 yrs), adolescents (14–18 yrs), pregnant females (all ages)

		*CHOs	Protein	Fibre	Zn	Fe	Mg	Ca	Vit C
		g/day	g/day	g/day	mg/day	mg/day	mg/day	mg/day	mg/day
U. kirkiana composition		28.7**	0.3**	2.0**	1.3***	11.8***	39***	17***	16.8***
RDA children (1–9 yrs)	Man Women	80^b 80^b	25^b 25^b	10^a 10^a	5^b 5^b	7^b 7^b	130^b 130^b	1000^b 1000^b	52^b 52^b
% contribution of the fruit in children		35	1.2	0.2	26	168	30	1.7	32
RDA children (9–13 yrs)	Man	130 ^b	34 ^b	12 ^a	8 ^b	8 ^b	240 ^b	1300 ^b	45 ^b
	Women	130 ^b	34 ^b	12 ^a	8 ^b	8 ^b	240 ^b	1300 ^b	45 ^b
% contribution of the fruit in children		22.0	0.8	16.6	16.2	147.5	16.2	1.3	37.3
RDA adolescents (14–18 yrs)	Man	130 ^b	55 ^b	16 ^a	11 ^b	11 ^b	410 ^b	1300 ^b	75 ^b
	Women	130 ^b	52 ^b	17 ^a	9 ^b	15 ^b	360 ^b	1300 ^b	65 ^b
% contribution of the fruit in adolescents		22.0	0.5	16.6	13	90.7	10.1	1.3	24
RDA pregnant	All ages	175 ^b	41 ^b	28 ^a	12 ^b	27 ^b	350 ^b	1000 ^b	85 ^b
% contribution of the fruit in pregnant females		16.4	0.7	7.1	10.8	43.7	11.1	1.7	16.7

^aAdequate intake (AI) values (Food and Nutrition Board, 1997, 2001). ^bRecommended dietary allowances (RDA) values (Food and Nutrition Board, 2005)

*CHOs- carbohydrates, **Unit of measurement = g/100 g, ***Unit of measurement = mg/100 g.

Figure 4. U. kirkiana fruit marketing

Figure 5. Traditional baskets used to collect U.kirkiana in Zimbabwe (a and b) and Zambia (c)

Figure 6. U. kirkiana fruit handling and use

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