The association between cocaine use detected on drug screening and rhabdomyolysis

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of cocaine-positive patients with and without rhabdomyolysis.

	CK ≥ 1000 U/L	CK < 1000 U/L	p	Χ^2
Total	54 (25%)	161 (75%)
Female	9 (17%)	57 (35%)
Male	45 (83%)	104 (65%)	0.02	6.7
Age	47 ± 15	46 ± 15	0.8*
Range	16–73	16–78
Race			0.02	9.5
Asian	0	2 (1%)
Black	34 (63%)	93 (58%)
Hispanic	3 (6%)	17 (11%)
Native American	0	3 (2%)
White	7 (13%)	36 (22%)
Other	10 (18%)	10 (6%)
Amphetamines positive	22 (41%)	55 (34%)	0.4	0.8
Ethanol positive	11 (20%)	28 (17%)	0.6	0.2
Tobacco use	33 (61%)	101 (63%)	0.8	0.1
Diagnostic group			0.1	12
Blunt trauma	7 (13%)	9 (6%)
Penetrating trauma	3 (5%)	15 (9%)
Cardiovascular	10 (19%)	15 (9%)
Pulmonary	3 (5%)	11 (7%)
Integumentary	1 (2%)	8 (5%)
Psychiatric	9 (17%)	45 (28%)
Neurological	7 (13%)	28 (17%)
Musculoskeletal	0	3 (2%)
GI/GU	7 (13%)	11 (7%)
OB/GYN	0	0
Endocrine/Heme/Onc	7 (13%)	16 (10%)
Disposition			0.006	10
Home	7 (13%)	56 (35%)
Admit	44 (81%)	91 (57%)
AMA/Eloped	0	4 (2%)
Jail	0	1 (1%)
Psychiatric	3 (6%)	9 (5%)
Expired	0	0

Abbreviations: AMA = against medical advice; CK = creatine kinase; GI = gastrointestinal; GU = genitourinary; GYN = gynecology; Heme = hematology; OB = obstetrics; Onc = oncology.

* = Student’s t-test.

Table 2. Initial vital signs and laboratory results.

Initial vital signs [mean ± SD]	CK ≥ 1000 U/L	CK < 1000 U/L	p*
Pulse (beats/min)	83 ± 16	81 ± 14	0.3
Range	34–136	55–121
SBP (mmHg)	126 ± 21	127 ± 20	0.7
Range	67–180	60–192
DBP (mmHg)	73 ± 15	76 ± 14	0.1
Range	23–109	24–113
Respirations (breath/min)	17 ± 4	17 ± 3	1
Range	6–29	6–24
Temperature (F)	98.1 ± 1.5	98.1 ± 0.7	1
Range	90.3–104.9	96.8–102
Laboratory results [median (IQR)]	CK ≥ 1000 U/L	CK < 1000 U/L	p^†	Z-score
CK (U/L)	2052 (1305–4959)	242 (116–418)	<0.0001	−10.9
Range	1009–40,647	11–989
BUN (mg/dL)	21 (11–40)	13 (9–20)	0.0003	−3.6
Range	5–174	3–100
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.6 (1.2–2.9)	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	<0.0001	−4.4
Range	0.63–25.48	0.45–13.12
Ethanol (mg/dL)	154 (48–214)	131 (57–230)	0.7	0.4
Range	0–239	0–370
Troponin I (ng/mL)	0.06 (0.02–0.2)	0.02 (0.01–0.06)	0.004	−2.9
Range	0.01–3.04	0.01–3.25
BNP (pg/mL)	601 (41–1069)	246 (67–813)	0.4	−0.9
Range	17–5000	16–1433

Abbreviations: BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CK = creatine kinase; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; IQR = interquartile range; SD = standard deviation; SBP = systolic blood pressure.

* = Student’s t-test.

^† = Mann-Whitney U test.