COVID-19 restrictions, pub closures, and crime in Oslo, Norway

Figures & data

Figure 1. Raw counts of total crime per day in Oslo, 2019–2020 by whether alcohol venues were banned from selling alcohol.

Figure 2. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with general restrictions.

Figure 3. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with bars ordered closed.

Figure 4. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with bars ordered to close by midnight.

Figure 5. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with bars ordered closed by 9 pm.

Table A1. Coefficients and standard errors for negative binomial regressions on eight types of crime plus violent crime and the four independent variables of interest in the study: The Oxford stringency index (general COVID restrictions), the ban to sell alcohol, the restriction to not sell alcohol after 11.30 pm and the restriction to not sell alcohol after 8.30 pm. All models are adjusted for day of week, week of year and year and are fit on crime data from 2016–2020.

Type	Oxcoeff	Oxerr	Bancoeff	Banerr	Midcoeff	Miderr	Eighcoeff	Eighterr
Violence	−0,178	0,179	−0,276	0,107	0,052	0,07	−0,286	0,209
Theft	−0,561	0,098	−0,253	0,059	0,113	0,038	−0,225	0,118
Vandalism	0,347	0,168	−0,353	0,101	−0,044	0,066	−0,1	0,181
Other	1,02	0,525	−0,007	0,304	−0,218	0,211	0,403	0,575
Drug	−0,914	0,182	0,22	0,11	0,258	0,071	−0,487	0,241
Traffic	−0,383	0,188	0,118	0,114	0,169	0,073	−0,118	0,231
Order	−0,629	0,153	−0,004	0,092	0,16	0,06	0,115	0,17
Fraud	−0,336	0,217	−0,349	0,13	−0,065	0,085	−0,083	0,245
Total	−0,396	0,084	−0,175	0,05	0,091	0,033	−0,163	0,095

Table A2. Regression coefficients and standard errors for models with seven municipalities.

Type	Oxcoeff	Oxerr	Bancoeff	Banerr	Midcoeff	Miderr	Tencoeff	Tenerr	Eighcoeff	Eighterr
Violence	−0,186	0,09	−0,316	0,057	0,012	0,039	−0,737	0,162	−0,241	0,223
Theft	−0,532	0,054	−0,302	0,034	0,077	0,022	−0,335	0,105	−0,267	0,127
Vandalism	0,033	0,098	−0,156	0,058	−0,017	0,04	−0,934	0,257	0,145	0,181
Other	0,456	0,294	0,375	0,155	0,158	0,115	−0,34	0,473	0,709	0,541
Drug	−0,239	0,1	−0,14	0,066	−0,086	0,046	−0,133	0,138	−0,837	0,325
Traffic	−0,186	0,089	0,029	0,058	0,049	0,039	−0,065	0,139	−0,191	0,254
Order	−0,545	0,09	−0,14	0,056	−0,004	0,038	−0,192	0,145	0,138	0,201
Fraud	−0,29	0,107	−0,406	0,068	−0,077	0,046	−0,857	0,22	0,021	0,241
Total	−0,335	0,042	−0,238	0,028	−0,001	0,019	−0,364	0,063	−0,153	0,132

Figure A1. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with general restrictions.

Figure A2. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with alcohol serving banned.

Figure A3. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with alcohol serving banned after midnight.

Figure A4. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with alcohol serving banned after 10pm.

Figure A5. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the association of crime with alcohol serving banned after 9pm.